Reading-Comprehension
Question 1 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
What kind of evidence was needed to make the liberal critique visible?
Circulation of wealth | |
Pre-supposing individual profit | |
Dearth in supply of grain | |
Incompatibility of growth |
Question 2 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
Which of the following played a role in the liberal critique?
Liberalism as a consequence of market forces | |
Liberalism as an offshoot of political economy
| |
Reality of market | |
Political economy as a practice |
Question 3 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
The liberal critique examined the implications of
market expansion | |
too much governance | |
growth of political economy | |
politics of marketisation |
Question 4 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
What I incompatible with optimal economic development?
Play of ideas | |
Absence of commercialism | |
Political society | |
Excessive government procedures |
Question 5 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
The passage is indicative of the author’s preference to
economic hegemony of individuals | |
limit government control of economics | |
seek liberalism from juridical thought | |
promote individual profits |
Question 6 |
Questions 41 - 44 are based on the following paragraph. please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
Over the last two decades, stochastic resonance has continuously attracted considerable attention. The term is given to a phenomenon that is manifest in nonlinear systems whereby generally feeble input information (such as a weak signal) can be amplified and optimized by the assistance of noise. The effect requires three basic ingredients:
(i) an energetic activation barrier or, more generally, a form of threshold;
(ii) a weak coherent input (such as a periodic signal);
(iii) a source of noise that is inherent in the system, or that adds to the coherent input.
Given these features, the response of the system undergoes resonance-like behavior as a function of the noise level; hence the name stochastic resonance. The underlying mechanism is fairly simple and robust. As a consequence, stochastic resonance has been observed in a large variety of systems, including bistable ring lasers, semiconductor devices, chemical reactions, and mechanoreceptor cells in the tail fan of a crayfish.
In this paper, the authors report, interpret, and extend much of the current understanding of the theory and physics of stochastic resonance. They introduce the readers to the basic features of stochastic resonance and its recent history.
Which of the following best defines stochastic resonance?
Changes in probabilities of occurrence of certain signals based on random processes | |
Amplification of a signal by the addition of noise | |
Attenuation of a signal by the addition of noise | |
Resonance caused by random processes |
Question 7 |
Questions 41 - 44 are based on the following paragraph. please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
Over the last two decades, stochastic resonance has continuously attracted considerable attention. The term is given to a phenomenon that is manifest in nonlinear systems whereby generally feeble input information (such as a weak signal) can be amplified and optimized by the assistance of noise. The effect requires three basic ingredients:
(i) an energetic activation barrier or, more generally, a form of threshold;
(ii) a weak coherent input (such as a periodic signal);
(iii) a source of noise that is inherent in the system, or that adds to the coherent input.
Given these features, the response of the system undergoes resonance-like behavior as a function of the noise level; hence the name stochastic resonance. The underlying mechanism is fairly simple and robust. As a consequence, stochastic resonance has been observed in a large variety of systems, including bistable ring lasers, semiconductor devices, chemical reactions, and mechanoreceptor cells in the tail fan of a crayfish.
In this paper, the authors report, interpret, and extend much of the current understanding of the theory and physics of stochastic resonance. They introduce the readers to the basic features of stochastic resonance and its recent history.
Which of the following is not required for stochastic resonance?
A threshold type barrier | |
Noise within the signal | |
Weak signal | |
Strong signal |
“The effect requires three basic ingredients:
(i) an energetic activation barrier or, more generally, a form of threshold;
(ii) a weak coherent input (such as a periodic signal);
(iii) a source of noise that is inherent in the system, or that adds to the coherent input.”
It is clear that a strong signal is not required for stochastic resonance.
Question 8 |
Questions 41 - 44 are based on the following paragraph. please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
Over the last two decades, stochastic resonance has continuously attracted considerable attention. The term is given to a phenomenon that is manifest in nonlinear systems whereby generally feeble input information (such as a weak signal) can be amplified and optimized by the assistance of noise. The effect requires three basic ingredients:
(i) an energetic activation barrier or, more generally, a form of threshold;
(ii) a weak coherent input (such as a periodic signal);
(iii) a source of noise that is inherent in the system, or that adds to the coherent input.
Given these features, the response of the system undergoes resonance-like behavior as a function of the noise level; hence the name stochastic resonance. The underlying mechanism is fairly simple and robust. As a consequence, stochastic resonance has been observed in a large variety of systems, including bistable ring lasers, semiconductor devices, chemical reactions, and mechanoreceptor cells in the tail fan of a crayfish.
In this paper, the authors report, interpret, and extend much of the current understanding of the theory and physics of stochastic resonance. They introduce the readers to the basic features of stochastic resonance and its recent history.
In the last sentence, the word "they" refers to
Authors | |
Weak signals | |
Reporting, interpreting and extending the understanding of signals | |
None of the above. |
Question 9 |
Questions 41 - 44 are based on the following paragraph. please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
Over the last two decades, stochastic resonance has continuously attracted considerable attention. The term is given to a phenomenon that is manifest in nonlinear systems whereby generally feeble input information (such as a weak signal) can be amplified and optimized by the assistance of noise. The effect requires three basic ingredients:
(i) an energetic activation barrier or, more generally, a form of threshold;
(ii) a weak coherent input (such as a periodic signal);
(iii) a source of noise that is inherent in the system, or that adds to the coherent input.
Given these features, the response of the system undergoes resonance-like behavior as a function of the noise level; hence the name stochastic resonance. The underlying mechanism is fairly simple and robust. As a consequence, stochastic resonance has been observed in a large variety of systems, including bistable ring lasers, semiconductor devices, chemical reactions, and mechanoreceptor cells in the tail fan of a crayfish.
In this paper, the authors report, interpret, and extend much of the current understanding of the theory and physics of stochastic resonance. They introduce the readers to the basic features of stochastic resonance and its recent history.
What is the reason for stochastic resonance to be observed in a large variety of systems?
There is noise everywhere | |
There are signals everywhere | |
The basic mechanism is simple and robust | |
Resonance occurs all the time |
Question 10 |
Questions 45 - 48 are based on the following paragraph. Please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
The following text is from the Turing Award Lecture by the great computer scientist, C. A. R. Hoare.
"Arouncl Easter 1961, a course on ALGOL 60 was offered in Brighton, England, with Peter Naur, Edsger W. Dijkstra, and Peter Landin as tutors. I attended this course with my colleague in the language project, Jill Pym, our divisional Technical Manager, Roger Cook, and our Sales Manager, Paul King. It was there that I first learned about recursive procedures and saw how to program the sorting method which I had earlier found such difficulty in explaining. It was there that I wrote the procedure, .immodestly named QUICKSORT, on which my career as a computer scientist is founded. Due credit must be paid to the genius of the designers of ALGOL 60 who included recursion in their language and enabled me to describe my invention so elegantly to the world. I have regarded it as the highest goal of programming language design to enable good ideas to be elegantly expressed.."
From the above paragraph, which of the following statements is true?
A course on ALGOL 60 was offered to Edsger W. Dijkstra arrcl otlurrs by C. A. R. Hoare | |
QUICKSORT is invented by C. A. R. Hoare C. | |
A. R. Hoare was a divisional Technical Manager | |
None of the above. |
Question 11 |
Questions 45 - 48 are based on the following paragraph. Please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
The following text is from the Turing Award Lecture by the great computer scientist, C. A. R. Hoare.
"Arouncl Easter 1961, a course on ALGOL 60 was offered in Brighton, England, with Peter Naur, Edsger W. Dijkstra, and Peter Landin as tutors. I attended this course with my colleague in the language project, Jill Pym, our divisional Technical Manager, Roger Cook, and our Sales Manager, Paul King. It was there that I first learned about recursive procedures and saw how to program the sorting method which I had earlier found such difficulty in explaining. It was there that I wrote the procedure, .immodestly named QUICKSORT, on which my career as a computer scientist is founded. Due credit must be paid to the genius of the designers of ALGOL 60 who included recursion in their language and enabled me to describe my invention so elegantly to the world. I have regarded it as the highest goal of programming language design to enable good ideas to be elegantly expressed.."
Where did C. A. R. Hoare first learn about recursive procedures?
In a course on ALGOL 60 | |
During discussions with Jill Pym, Roger Cook and Paul King | |
From the designers of ALGOL 60 | |
None of the above. |
Question 12 |
Questions 45 - 48 are based on the following paragraph. Please read it carefully and then answer the questions.
The following text is from the Turing Award Lecture by the great computer scientist, C. A. R. Hoare.
"Arouncl Easter 1961, a course on ALGOL 60 was offered in Brighton, England, with Peter Naur, Edsger W. Dijkstra, and Peter Landin as tutors. I attended this course with my colleague in the language project, Jill Pym, our divisional Technical Manager, Roger Cook, and our Sales Manager, Paul King. It was there that I first learned about recursive procedures and saw how to program the sorting method which I had earlier found such difficulty in explaining. It was there that I wrote the procedure, .immodestly named QUICKSORT, on which my career as a computer scientist is founded. Due credit must be paid to the genius of the designers of ALGOL 60 who included recursion in their language and enabled me to describe my invention so elegantly to the world. I have regarded it as the highest goal of programming language design to enable good ideas to be elegantly expressed.."
What, in C. A. R. Hoare's opinion, is the main aspect to aim for in designing programming languages?
Having QUICKSORT procedure | |
Errable elegant expression of ideas | |
Easy to program sorting routines | |
Having recursion |
Question 13 |
Answer question 38 using the following reading passage:
In the past ten years, there have been several improvements in mountain-climbing equipment. These improvements have made the sport both safer and more enjoyable for experienced climbers. Despite these improvements, however, the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has doubled in the past ten years.
Which of thc following, if true, best reconciles the apparent discrepancy presented in the passage?
Many climbers, lulled into a false sense of security, use the new equipment to attempt climbing feats of which they are not capable.
| |
Some mountain-climbing injuries are caused by unforeseeable weather conditions. | |
Mountain climbing, although a dangerous sport, does not normally result in injury to the experienced climber. | |
Although the rate of mountain-climbing injuries has increased. the rate of mountain-climbing deaths has not changed. |
Question 14 |
Answer questions 39 and 40 using the following reading passage:
While most scholarship in women's employment in the United States recognizes that the Second world War (1939-1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women's employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farm workers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years. Consequently, the 1950s saw a growing number of women engaged in farm labour, even though rhetoric in the popular media called for the return of women to domestic life.
The manufacturing and agricultural sectors in the United States following the Second World War differed in which of the following respects?
The rate of expansion in each sector. | |
The percentage of employees in each sector who were men | |
The attitude of the popular media toward the employment of women in each sector. | |
The trend in the wages of men employed in each sector. |
Question 15 |
Cannot say | |
Jessica | |
Rachel | |
Ria |
Question 16 |
Rachel | |
Jessica | |
Ria | |
None of the options |
Question 17 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q46: The critical feature of the concept in this type of management is related to
the assignment of responsibility to the workers
| |
distinguishing the operational role between managers and workers | |
promoting of uniformity of work environment among all types of organisation | |
sharing of responsibility with an eye on results |
It means they take up responsibilities keeping in mind the result to be achieved.
Question 18 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q47: The philosophy behind management by objective is to
effect improvement through a joint review of achievement of performance goals within a given timeframe
| |
integrate external and internal controls by managers | |
provide managers scope to review the accepted output variables | |
agree upon different performance goals for managers and employees |
Option 2 can be modified as integrate external control by manager and self control by employees
Explanation: As given in passage "The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees."
Question 19 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q48: In an MBO, organisation is managed through the identification of
competing goals | |
common objectives
| |
its specific characteristics
| |
senior and junior managers
|
MBO means Management by Objective is managed by identifying common goals /objectives.
Question 20 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q49: The requisite for management by objectives is centred on
the control by seniors
| |
the guidance of juniors | |
the participatory process
| |
the organizational settings |
Therefore the requisite of this type of management is effective participation of all to achieve the result.
Question 21 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q50: In this frame of reference, how does an organization function effectively?
By including the hourly employees in the managerial positions
| |
By identifying and executing performance targets in a collaborative mode | |
By imposing a rigid philosophy of management | |
By providing separate work environment for both managers and workers |
So we see from the words highlighted that this management can work effectively only with agreement (collaboration/ working together) of the manager and employees to meet the goal.
Question 22 |
- In pre-British period, when India was ruled by the independent rulers:
Peace and prosperity prevailed in the society | |
People were isolated from political affairs | |
Public opinion was inevitable for policy making | |
Law was equal for one and all |
Question 23 |
- What is the distinguishing feature of the democracy practiced in Britain?
End to the rule of might is right. | |
Rule of the people, by the people and for the people. | |
It has stood the test of time. | |
Cooperation between elected members. |
Question 24 |
- Democracy is practiced where:
Elected members form a uniform opinion regarding policy matter. | |
Opposition is more powerful than the ruling combine. | |
Representatives of masses. | |
None of these. |
Question 25 |
- Which of the following is true about the British rule in India?
It was behind the modernization of the Indian society. | |
India gained economically during that period. | |
Various establishments were formed for the purpose of progress. | |
None of these. |
Question 26 |
- Who became the members of the new commercial class during that time?
British Aristocrats | |
Lord and barons | |
Political Persons | |
Merchants and artisans |
Question 27 |
What did Tagore articulate in his last testament?
Offered support to Subhas Bose. | |
Exposed the humane pretensions of the Western World. | |
Expressed loyalty to England | |
Encouraged the liberation of countries. |
Question 28 |
What was the stance of Indian intelligentsia during the period of great war?
Indifference to Russia's plight. | |
They favoured Japanese militarism. | |
They prompted creativity out of confused loyalties. | |
They expressed sympathy for England's dogged courage. |
Question 29 |
Identify the factor responsible for the submergence of creative energy in Indian literature.
Military occupation of one's own soil. | |
Resistance to colonial occupation. | |
Great agony of partition. | |
Victory of Allies. |
Question 30 |
What was the aftermath that survived tragedies in Kashmir and Bangladesh?
Suspicion of other countries | |
Continuance of rivalry | |
Menace of war | |
National reconstruction |
Question 31 |
The passage has the message that
Disasters are inevitable. | |
Great literature emerges out of chains of convulsions. | |
Indian literature does not have a marked landscape. | |
Literature has no relation with war and independence. |
Question 32 |
What was the impact of the last Great War on Indian literature?
It had no impact. | |
It aggravated popular revulsion against violence. | |
It shook the foundations of literature. | |
It offered eloquent support to the Western World. |
Question 33 |
I did that thing recently where you have to sign a big card - which is a horror unto itself, especially as the keeper of the Big Card was leaning over me at the time. Suddenly I was on the spot, a rabbit in the headlights, torn between doing a fun message or some sort of in-joke or a drawing. Instead overwhelmed by the myriad options available to me, I decided to just write “Good luck, best, Joel”.
It was then that I realised, to my horror, that I had forgotten how to write. My entire existence is “tap letters into computer”. My shopping lists are hidden in the notes function of my phone. If I need to remember something I send an e-mail to myself. A pen is something I chew when I’m struggling to think. Paper is something I pile beneath my laptop to make it a more comfortable height for me to type on.
A poll of 1,000 teens by the stationers, Bic found that one in 10 don’t own a pen, a third have never written a letter, and half of 13 to 19 years - old have never been forced to sit down and write a thank you letter. More than 80% have never written a love letter, 56% don’t have letter paper at home. And a quarter has never known the unique torture of writing a birthday card. The most a teen ever has to use a pen is on an exam paper.
Bic, have you heard of mobile phones? Have you heard of e-mail, facebook and snap chatting? This is the future. Pens are dead. Paper is dead. Handwriting is a relic.
“Handwriting is one of the most creative outlets we have and should be given the same importance as other art forms such as sketching, painting or photography.”
When confronted with signing a big card, the author felt like “a rabbit in the headlight”. What does this phrase mean?
A state of confusion | |
A state of pleasure | |
A state of anxiety | |
A state of pain |
Question 34 |
Handwriting | |
Photography | |
Sketching | |
Reading |
Question 35 |
(a) Computer
(b) Mobile phone
(c) Typewriter
(b) only | |
(a) and (b) only | |
(a), (b) and (c) | |
(b) and (c) only |
Question 36 |
800 | |
560 | |
500 | |
100 |
Question 37 |
That the teens use social networks for communication. | |
That the teens use mobile phones | |
That the teens use computer. | |
That the teens have forgotten the art of handwriting. |
Question 38 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
What is required to ensure competitive advantages in specific markets?
Access to capital | |
Common office buildings | |
Superior knowledge | |
Common metals |
Question 39 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
The passage also mentions about the trend of
Global financial flow | |
Absence of competition in manufacturing industry | |
Regionalization of capitalists | |
Organizational incompatibility |
Question 40 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
What does the author lay stress on in the passage?
International commerce | |
Labour-Intensive industries | |
Capital resource management | |
Knowledge-driven competitive advantage |
Question 41 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
Which country enjoyed competitive advantages in automobile industry for decades?
South Korea | |
Japan | |
Mexico | |
Malaysia |
Question 42 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
Why labour-based competitive advantages of India and Singapore cannot be sustained in IT and service sectors?
Due to diminishing levels of skill | |
Due to capital-intensive technology making inroads | |
Because of new competitors | |
Because of shifting of labour-based advantage in manufacturing industries. |
Question 43 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
How can an organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime?
Through regional capital flows | |
Through regional interactions among business players. | |
By making large bank, industries and markets coalesced. | |
By effective use of various instrumentalities. |
Question 44 |
Story telling is not in our genes. Neither it is an evolutionary history. It is the essence of what makes us Human.
Human beings progress by telling stories. One event can result in a great variety of stories being told about it. Sometimes those stories differ greatly. Which stories are picked up and repeated and which ones are dropped and forgotten often determines how we progress. Our history, knowledge and understanding are all the collections of the few stories that survive. This includes the stories that we tell each other about the future. And how the future will turn out depends partly, possibly largely, on which stories we collectively choose to believe.
Some stories are designed to spread fear and concern. This is because some story-tellers feel that there is a need to raise some tensions. Some stories are frightening, they are like totemic warnings: "Fail to act now and we are all doomed." Then there are stories that indicate that all will be fine so long as we leave everything upto a few especially able adults. Currently, this trend is being led by those who call themselves "rational optimists". They tend to claim that it is human nature to compete and to succeed and also to profit at the expense of others. The rational optimists however, do not realize how humanity has progressed overtime through amiable social networks and how large groups work in less selfishness and in the process accommodate rich and poor, high and low alike. This aspect in story-telling is considered by the 'Practical Possibles', who sit between those who say all is fine and cheerful and be individualistic in your approach to a successful future, and those who ordain pessimism and fear that we are doomed. What the future holds for us is which stories we hold on to and how we act on them.
Rational optimists:
(a) Look for opportunities.
(b) Are sensible and cheerful.
(c) Are selfishly driven.
(b) and (c) only | |
(a), (b) and (c) | |
(a) only | |
(a) and (b) only |
Question 45 |
Story telling is not in our genes. Neither it is an evolutionary history. It is the essence of what makes us Human.
Human beings progress by telling stories. One event can result in a great variety of stories being told about it. Sometimes those stories differ greatly. Which stories are picked up and repeated and which ones are dropped and forgotten often determines how we progress. Our history, knowledge and understanding are all the collections of the few stories that survive. This includes the stories that we tell each other about the future. And how the future will turn out depends partly, possibly largely, on which stories we collectively choose to believe.
Some stories are designed to spread fear and concern. This is because some story-tellers feel that there is a need to raise some tensions. Some stories are frightening, they are like totemic warnings: "Fail to act now and we are all doomed." Then there are stories that indicate that all will be fine so long as we leave everything upto a few especially able adults. Currently, this trend is being led by those who call themselves "rational optimists". They tend to claim that it is human nature to compete and to succeed and also to profit at the expense of others. The rational optimists however, do not realize how humanity has progressed overtime through amiable social networks and how large groups work in less selfishness and in the process accommodate rich and poor, high and low alike. This aspect in story-telling is considered by the 'Practical Possibles', who sit between those who say all is fine and cheerful and be individualistic in your approach to a successful future, and those who ordain pessimism and fear that we are doomed. What the future holds for us is which stories we hold on to and how we act on them.
Humans become less selfish when:
They work in solitude | |
They work in large groups | |
They listen to frightening stories | |
They listen to cheerful stories |
Question 46 |
Story telling is not in our genes. Neither it is an evolutionary history. It is the essence of what makes us Human.
Human beings progress by telling stories. One event can result in a great variety of stories being told about it. Sometimes those stories differ greatly. Which stories are picked up and repeated and which ones are dropped and forgotten often determines how we progress. Our history, knowledge and understanding are all the collections of the few stories that survive. This includes the stories that we tell each other about the future. And how the future will turn out depends partly, possibly largely, on which stories we collectively choose to believe.
Some stories are designed to spread fear and concern. This is because some story-tellers feel that there is a need to raise some tensions. Some stories are frightening, they are like totemic warnings: "Fail to act now and we are all doomed." Then there are stories that indicate that all will be fine so long as we leave everything upto a few especially able adults. Currently, this trend is being led by those who call themselves "rational optimists". They tend to claim that it is human nature to compete and to succeed and also to profit at the expense of others. The rational optimists however, do not realize how humanity has progressed overtime through amiable social networks and how large groups work in less selfishness and in the process accommodate rich and poor, high and low alike. This aspect in story-telling is considered by the 'Practical Possibles', who sit between those who say all is fine and cheerful and be individualistic in your approach to a successful future, and those who ordain pessimism and fear that we are doomed. What the future holds for us is which stories we hold on to and how we act on them.
'Practical Possibles' are the ones who:
Are cheerful and carefree | |
Follow Midway Path | |
Are doom-mongers | |
Are self-centred |
Question 47 |
Story telling is not in our genes. Neither it is an evolutionary history. It is the essence of what makes us Human.
Human beings progress by telling stories. One event can result in a great variety of stories being told about it. Sometimes those stories differ greatly. Which stories are picked up and repeated and which ones are dropped and forgotten often determines how we progress. Our history, knowledge and understanding are all the collections of the few stories that survive. This includes the stories that we tell each other about the future. And how the future will turn out depends partly, possibly largely, on which stories we collectively choose to believe.
Some stories are designed to spread fear and concern. This is because some story-tellers feel that there is a need to raise some tensions. Some stories are frightening, they are like totemic warnings: "Fail to act now and we are all doomed." Then there are stories that indicate that all will be fine so long as we leave everything upto a few especially able adults. Currently, this trend is being led by those who call themselves "rational optimists". They tend to claim that it is human nature to compete and to succeed and also to profit at the expense of others. The rational optimists however, do not realize how humanity has progressed overtime through amiable social networks and how large groups work in less selfishness and in the process accommodate rich and poor, high and low alike. This aspect in story-telling is considered by the 'Practical Possibles', who sit between those who say all is fine and cheerful and be individualistic in your approach to a successful future, and those who ordain pessimism and fear that we are doomed. What the future holds for us is which stories we hold on to and how we act on them.
Story telling is:
The essence of what makes us human | |
An art | |
A science | |
In our genes |
Question 48 |
Story telling is not in our genes. Neither it is an evolutionary history. It is the essence of what makes us Human.
Human beings progress by telling stories. One event can result in a great variety of stories being told about it. Sometimes those stories differ greatly. Which stories are picked up and repeated and which ones are dropped and forgotten often determines how we progress. Our history, knowledge and understanding are all the collections of the few stories that survive. This includes the stories that we tell each other about the future. And how the future will turn out depends partly, possibly largely, on which stories we collectively choose to believe.
Some stories are designed to spread fear and concern. This is because some story-tellers feel that there is a need to raise some tensions. Some stories are frightening, they are like totemic warnings: "Fail to act now and we are all doomed." Then there are stories that indicate that all will be fine so long as we leave everything upto a few especially able adults. Currently, this trend is being led by those who call themselves "rational optimists". They tend to claim that it is human nature to compete and to succeed and also to profit at the expense of others. The rational optimists however, do not realize how humanity has progressed overtime through amiable social networks and how large groups work in less selfishness and in the process accommodate rich and poor, high and low alike. This aspect in story-telling is considered by the 'Practical Possibles', who sit between those who say all is fine and cheerful and be individualistic in your approach to a successful future, and those who ordain pessimism and fear that we are doomed. What the future holds for us is which stories we hold on to and how we act on them.
Our knowledge is a collection of:
Some important stories | |
All stories that we have heard during our life-time | |
Some stories that we remember | |
A few stories that survive |
Question 49 |
Story telling is not in our genes. Neither it is an evolutionary history. It is the essence of what makes us Human.
Human beings progress by telling stories. One event can result in a great variety of stories being told about it. Sometimes those stories differ greatly. Which stories are picked up and repeated and which ones are dropped and forgotten often determines how we progress. Our history, knowledge and understanding are all the collections of the few stories that survive. This includes the stories that we tell each other about the future. And how the future will turn out depends partly, possibly largely, on which stories we collectively choose to believe.
Some stories are designed to spread fear and concern. This is because some story-tellers feel that there is a need to raise some tensions. Some stories are frightening, they are like totemic warnings: "Fail to act now and we are all doomed." Then there are stories that indicate that all will be fine so long as we leave everything upto a few especially able adults. Currently, this trend is being led by those who call themselves "rational optimists". They tend to claim that it is human nature to compete and to succeed and also to profit at the expense of others. The rational optimists however, do not realize how humanity has progressed overtime through amiable social networks and how large groups work in less selfishness and in the process accommodate rich and poor, high and low alike. This aspect in story-telling is considered by the 'Practical Possibles', who sit between those who say all is fine and cheerful and be individualistic in your approach to a successful future, and those who ordain pessimism and fear that we are doomed. What the future holds for us is which stories we hold on to and how we act on them.
How the future will turn out to be, depends upon the stories?
Designed to make prophecy | |
We collectively choose to believe in | |
Which are repeatedly narrated | |
Designed to spread fear and tension |
Question 50 |
Many aspects of the motion-picture industry and its constituent companies are dissimilar to those observable in advanced-technology industries and firms. For instance, company longevity does not represent a consistent concern across the two organisational contexts. In the advanced-technology company for example, one new-product innovation – which is expected to generate financial returns to the firm – is insufficient for the company to be successful.
Rather, a stream of new product innovations is required. By contrast with the independent production company of this case, each new film – which is expected to generate financial returns to the principals – is sufficient for the company to be successful. Any subsequent new films involving the firm’s participants will be produced by a different independent company.
As another instance, people’s learning is expected to have different contributors and beneficiaries across the two organizational contexts. In the advanced-technology company, for example, each new product innovation provides an opportunity for participants on the project team to learn and acquire experience, and this same company intends to retain such participants, hence, benefit from their increased experience on the next project. By contrast with the independent production company, each new film provides an opportunity for participants on the project team to learn and acquire this experience also, but this same company has little or no expectation of retaining such participants, and hence, benefitting from their increased experience in the next project.
Experience is paramount in the motion-picture industry. Generally, on film projects, budgets are very tight, and schedules are very demanding. People are hired largely based on their experience and are expected to perform well immediately when called to do so. There is negligible slack time or margin for learning through trial and error, but experienced people learn exactly through trial and error. Because experience is valued so highly and film-production houses have such short time horizons, entry into the industry is very difficult for most people. Further, the role played by schools and colleges is minimal in this industry. Some skills and techniques can be learned and refined through formal education (e.g., acting schools, theatre, film degrees), but the majority come through direct experience. Mentoring plays an important role. True, the film business focuses heavily on exploitation over exploration. Yet success of the industry as a whole is critically dependent upon learning and exploration overtime.
What is not a consistent concern across the two organisational contexts?
Dissimilarity | |
Product package | |
Financial return | |
Company longevity |