Comprehension:
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q50: In this frame of reference, how does an organization function effectively?

Comprehension:
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q49: The requisite for management by objectives is centred on

Comprehension:
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q48: In an MBO, organisation is managed through the identification of

Comprehension:
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q47: The philosophy behind management by objective is to

Comprehension:
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q46: The critical feature of the concept in this type of management is related to

Bakery shops in a city prepare three different varieties of hotcakes, namely, Cornmeal, American and Swedish. The following table shows the total number of hotcakes (three varieties together) sold by four different bakery shops, namely A, B,C and D on Monday along with the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold and the difference between the number of American hotcakes and Cornmeal hotcakes sold. Based on the data in the table, answer the questions that follow.
 

Bakery-wise Sale Details of Hotcakes on Monday
Bakery	Total number of hotcakes sold	Number of commercial hotcakes sold	Difference between the number of American and Cornmeal hotcakes sold
A	1200	320	40
B	1080	280	120
C	1000	360	80
D	1320	420	40

 
Note :
(1) Total number of hotcakes sold = sum of sale of a number of Cornmeal,American and Swedish hotcakes
(2) The number of American hotcakes sold is always greater than the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold
 
For another bakery E, if the total number of hotcakes sold is 120 less than that of bakery D, number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold is 40 % of the total number of hotcakes sold by E, number of American hotcakes sold is 35% of the total number of hotcakes sold by E and the remaining are Swedish hotcakes sold by E, then what is the number of Swedish hotcakes sold by bakery E?

Bakery shops in a city prepare three different varieties of hotcakes, namely, Cornmeal, American and Swedish. The following table shows the total number of hotcakes (three varieties together) sold by four different bakery shops, namely A, B,C and D on Monday along with the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold and the difference between the number of American hotcakes and Cornmeal hotcakes sold. Based on the data in the table, answer the questions that follow.
 

Bakery-wise Sale Details of Hotcakes on Monday
Bakery	Total number of hotcakes sold	Number of commercial hotcakes sold	Difference between the number of American and Cornmeal hotcakes sold
A	1200	320	40
B	1080	280	120
C	1000	360	80
D	1320	420	40

 
Note :
(1) Total number of hotcakes sold = sum of sale of a number of Cornmeal,American and Swedish hotcakes
(2) The number of American hotcakes sold is always greater than the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold
 
What is the ratio of the number of American hotcakes sold by bakery C to the number of Swedish hotcakes sold by bakery D?

Bakery shops in a city prepare three different varieties of hotcakes, namely, Cornmeal, American and Swedish. The following table shows the total number of hotcakes (three varieties together) sold by four different bakery shops, namely A, B,C and D on Monday along with the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold and the difference between the number of American hotcakes and Cornmeal hotcakes sold. Based on the data in the table, answer the questions that follow.
 

Bakery-wise Sale Details of Hotcakes on Monday
Bakery	Total number of hotcakes sold	Number of commercial hotcakes sold	Difference between the number of American and Cornmeal hotcakes sold
A	1200	320	40
B	1080	280	120
C	1000	360	80
D	1320	420	40

 
Note :
(1) Total number of hotcakes sold = sum of sale of a number of Cornmeal,American and Swedish hotcakes
(2) The number of American hotcakes sold is always greater than the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold
 

If the number of cornmeal hotcakes sold by bakery B on Tuesday (that is, the next day) is 20% more than that on Monday, the ratio of the number of American hotcakes to Swedish hotcakes by bakery B on Tuesday is 4:5. and the number of American hotcakes sold by bakery B on Tuesday is 320, then what is the total number of hotcakes sold by bakery B on Tuesday?

Bakery shops in a city prepare three different varieties of hotcakes, namely, Cornmeal, American and Swedish. The following table shows the total number of hotcakes (three varieties together) sold by four different bakery shops, namely A, B,C and D on Monday along with the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold and the difference between the number of American hotcakes and Cornmeal hotcakes sold. Based on the data in the table, answer the questions that follow.
 

Bakery-wise Sale Details of Hotcakes on Monday
Bakery	Total number of hotcakes sold	Number of commercial hotcakes sold	Difference between the number of American and Cornmeal hotcakes sold
A	1200	320	40
B	1080	280	120
C	1000	360	80
D	1320	420	40

 
Note :
(1) Total number of hotcakes sold = sum of sale of a number of Cornmeal,American and Swedish hotcakes
(2) The number of American hotcakes sold is always greater than the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold
 

What is the difference between the total number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold by bakery A and bakery D together, and the number of Swedish hotcakes sold by bakeay A?

Bakery shops in a city prepare three different varieties of hotcakes, namely, Cornmeal, American and Swedish. The following table shows the total number of hotcakes (three varieties together) sold by four different bakery shops, namely A, B,C and D on Monday along with the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold and the difference between the number of American hotcakes and Cornmeal hotcakes sold. Based on the data in the table, answer the questions that follow.
 

Bakery-wise Sale Details of Hotcakes on Monday
Bakery	Total number of hotcakes sold	Number of commercial hotcakes sold	Difference between the number of American and Cornmeal hotcakes sold
A	1200	320	40
B	1080	280	120
C	1000	360	80
D	1320	420	40

 
Note :
(1) Total number of hotcakes sold = sum of sale of a number of Cornmeal,American and Swedish hotcakes
(2) The number of American hotcakes sold is always greater than the number of Cornmeal hotcakes sold
 

The number of American hotcakes sold by bakery A is _% more than the number of Swedish hotcakes sold by bakery C.

Comprehension:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

A radical new surgery procedure, laughed at not long ago, is holding out fresh hope for patients of cardiac myopathy, or enlargement of the heart. The technique, now in India, allows patients to go home two weeks after the operation, to lead a near-normal sedentary life. Cardiac myopathy is a condition that has a variety of causative factors. An attack from one of the 20 identified viruses, parasite infection, long-term alcohol abuse and blood pressure could bring it on, and in rare cases, it could follow child birth and is even known to run in families. The condition is marked by an increase in the size of the heart's chambers and a decrease in the efficiency of pumping.


Cardiac myopathy is a medical condition related to

Comprehension:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

A radical new surgery procedure, laughed at not long ago, is holding out fresh hope for patients of cardiac myopathy, or enlargement of the heart. The technique, now in India, allows patients to go home two weeks after the operation, to lead a near-normal sedentary life. Cardiac myopathy is a condition that has a variety of causative factors. An attack from one of the 20 identified viruses, parasite infection, long-term alcohol abuse and blood pressure could bring it on, and in rare cases, it could follow child birth and is even known to run in families. The condition is marked by an increase in the size of the heart's chambers and a decrease in the efficiency of pumping.


Which of the following is incorrect about the causative factors of cardiac myopathy?

Comprehension:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

A radical new surgery procedure, laughed at not long ago, is holding out fresh hope for patients of cardiac myopathy, or enlargement of the heart. The technique, now in India, allows patients to go home two weeks after the operation, to lead a near-normal sedentary life. Cardiac myopathy is a condition that has a variety of causative factors. An attack from one of the 20 identified viruses, parasite infection, long-term alcohol abuse and blood pressure could bring it on, and in rare cases, it could follow child birth and is even known to run in families. The condition is marked by an increase in the size of the heart's chambers and a decrease in the efficiency of pumping.


Cardiac myopathy is a condition characterized by

Comprehension:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

A radical new surgery procedure, laughed at not long ago, is holding out fresh hope for patients of cardiac myopathy, or enlargement of the heart. The technique, now in India, allows patients to go home two weeks after the operation, to lead a near-normal sedentary life. Cardiac myopathy is a condition that has a variety of causative factors. An attack from one of the 20 identified viruses, parasite infection, long-term alcohol abuse and blood pressure could bring it on, and in rare cases, it could follow child birth and is even known to run in families. The condition is marked by an increase in the size of the heart's chambers and a decrease in the efficiency of pumping.


In patients suffering from cardiac myopathy there is

Comprehension:
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

A radical new surgery procedure, laughed at not long ago, is holding out fresh hope for patients of cardiac myopathy, or enlargement of the heart. The technique, now in India, allows patients to go home two weeks after the operation, to lead a near-normal sedentary life. Cardiac myopathy is a condition that has a variety of causative factors. An attack from one of the 20 identified viruses, parasite infection, long-term alcohol abuse and blood pressure could bring it on, and in rare cases, it could follow child birth and is even known to run in families. The condition is marked by an increase in the size of the heart's chambers and a decrease in the efficiency of pumping.


Which of the following is true about cardiac myopathy surgery?

Read the following passage and answer questions from question:
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.

The passage analyses languages as a

Read the following passage and answer questions from question:
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.

Imperialism was responsible for

Read the following passage and answer questions from question:
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.

One of the characteristics of languages is

Read the following passage and answer questions from question:
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.

Historically, minority languages were the basis of

Read the following passage and answer questions from question:
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.

The language of the conquerors was used in

Directions for question number 1 and 2: Study the information below and answer questions based on it. Five of India’s leading models are posing for a photograph promoting “World Peace and Understanding”. But then, Sachin Malhotra the photographer is having a tough time getting them to stand in a straight line, because Natasha refuses to stand next to Jessica since Jessica had said something about her in a leading gossip magazine. Rachel and Anna want to stand together because they are good friends. Ria on the other hand cannot get along well with Rachel, because there is some talk about Rachel scheming to get a contract already awarded to Ria. Anna believes her friendly astrologer who has asked her to stand at the extreme right for all group photographs. Finally, Sachin managed to pacify the girls and got a beautiful picture of five beautiful girls smiling beautifully in a straight line, promoting world peace. Q2: If Anna’s astrologer tells her to stand second from left and Natasha decides to stand second from right, then who is the girl standing at the extreme right?

Directions for question number 1 and 2: Study the information below and answer questions based on it. Five of India’s leading models are posing for a photograph promoting “World Peace and Understanding”. But then, Sachin Malhotra the photographer is having a tough time getting them to stand in a straight line, because Natasha refuses to stand next to Jessica since Jessica had said something about her in a leading gossip magazine. Rachel and Anna want to stand together because they are good friends. Ria on the other hand cannot get along well with Rachel, because there is some talk about Rachel scheming to get a contract already awarded to Ria. Anna believes her friendly astrologer who has asked her to stand at the extreme right for all group photographs. Finally, Sachin managed to pacify the girls and got a beautiful picture of five beautiful girls smiling beautifully in a straight line, promoting world peace. Q1: If Natasha stands at the extreme left, who is standing second from left?

Read the following passage and answer the questions 11 to 15 : Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individuals creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm, and flexibility. However,several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits as was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognise that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea-nurturing work environment. Idea- generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or in groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods for supporting idea generation, such as brainstorming in a group, can be very successful in certain situations. However, in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when : (1) there is no time to conduct a proper idea-generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator (or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face-to-face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerised idea-generation methods have been tried, with frequent success.
Idea-generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea-generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea-generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example, has an associate lexicon of the English language that cross-references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns, conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

Mental blocks, bouts of procrastination and cyclical thinking patterns can be won when :

Read the following passage and answer the questions 11 to 15 : Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individuals creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm, and flexibility. However,several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits as was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognise that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea-nurturing work environment. Idea- generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or in groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods for supporting idea generation, such as brainstorming in a group, can be very successful in certain situations. However, in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when : (1) there is no time to conduct a proper idea-generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator (or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face-to-face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerised idea-generation methods have been tried, with frequent success.
Idea-generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea-generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea-generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example, has an associate lexicon of the English language that cross-references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns, conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

Idea-generation software works as if it is a :

Read the following passage and answer the questions 11 to 15 : Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individuals creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm, and flexibility. However,several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits as was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognise that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea-nurturing work environment. Idea- generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or in groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods for supporting idea generation, such as brainstorming in a group, can be very successful in certain situations. However, in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when : (1) there is no time to conduct a proper idea-generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator (or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face-to-face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerised idea-generation methods have been tried, with frequent success.
Idea-generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea-generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea-generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example, has an associate lexicon of the English language that cross-references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns, conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

Manual methods for the support of idea-generation, in certain occasions,

Read the following passage and answer the questions 11 to 15 : Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individuals creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm, and flexibility. However,several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits as was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognise that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea-nurturing work environment. Idea- generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or in groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods for supporting idea generation, such as brainstorming in a group, can be very successful in certain situations. However, in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when : (1) there is no time to conduct a proper idea-generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator (or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face-to-face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerised idea-generation methods have been tried, with frequent success.
Idea-generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea-generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea-generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example, has an associate lexicon of the English language that cross-references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns, conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

Fostering creativity needs an environment of

Read the following passage and answer the questions 11 to 15 : Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation. This is especially important in generating alternative decision support solutions. Some people believe that an individuals creative ability stems primarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence, individuality, enthusiasm, and flexibility. However,several studies have found that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits as was once believed, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This understanding has led innovative companies to recognise that the key to fostering creativity may be the development of an idea-nurturing work environment. Idea- generation methods and techniques, to be used by individuals or in groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods for supporting idea generation, such as brainstorming in a group, can be very successful in certain situations. However, in other situations, such an approach is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective when : (1) there is no time to conduct a proper idea-generation session; (2) there is a poor facilitator (or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face-to-face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases, computerised idea-generation methods have been tried, with frequent success.
Idea-generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although idea-generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on the market. Various approaches are used by idea-generating software to increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example, has an associate lexicon of the English language that cross-references words and phrases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software packages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns, conquer mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

The author, in this passage has focused on

Read the passage carefully and answer question numbers from 46 to 50
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.

The main focus of the passage is on:

Read the passage carefully and answer question numbers from 46 to 50
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.

The traditional knowledge should be used through

Read the passage carefully and answer question numbers from 46 to 50
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.

Adaption as a process enables societies to cope with:
(a) An uncertain future
(b) Adjustments and changes
(C) Negative impact of climate change
(d) Positive impact of climate change

Read the passage carefully and answer question numbers from 46 to 50
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.

Given below are the factors of vulnerability of poor people to climate changes. Select the correct that contains the correct answer.
(a) Their dependence on natural resources
(b) Geographical attributes
(c) Lack of financial resources
(d) Lack of traditional knowledge

Read the passage carefully and answer question numbers from 46 to 50
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.

To address the challenge of climate change developing countries urgently requires:

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions no. 11 to 15.
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.

The main focus of the passage is on

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions no. 11 to 15.
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.

What would be of high priority to both New Delhi and Brasilia as regards river water ?

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions no. 11 to 15.
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.

The institutional framework of Brazil for water management

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions no. 11 to 15.
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.

Deliberations on the theme ‘Sharing Water’ should facilitate

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions no. 11 to 15.
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.
As per the text of the passage, the eighth edition of the World Water Forum was concerned with

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions from 55 to 60 : The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the 'humane pretensions' of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore's later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England's dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies' victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South- East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was son submerged in the geat agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan's invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past. Based on the passage answer the following questions from 55 to 60:

What was the impact of the last Great War on Indian literature?

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions from 55 to 60 : The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the 'humane pretensions' of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore's later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England's dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies' victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South- East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was son submerged in the geat agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan's invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past. Based on the passage answer the following questions from 55 to 60:

The passage has the message that

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions from 55 to 60 : The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the 'humane pretensions' of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore's later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England's dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies' victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South- East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was son submerged in the geat agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan's invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past. Based on the passage answer the following questions from 55 to 60:

Identify the factor responsible for the submergence of creative energy in Indian literature.

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions from 55 to 60 : The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the 'humane pretensions' of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore's later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England's dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies' victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South- East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was son submerged in the geat agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan's invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past. Based on the passage answer the following questions from 55 to 60:

What was the aftermath that survived tragedies in Kashmir and Bangladesh?

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions from 55 to 60 : The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the 'humane pretensions' of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore's later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England's dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies' victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South- East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was son submerged in the geat agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan's invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past. Based on the passage answer the following questions from 55 to 60:

What did Tagore articulate in his last testament?

Read the following passage carefully and answer questions from 55 to 60 : The last great war, which nearly shook the foundations of the modern world, had little impact on Indian literature beyond aggravating the popular revulsion against violence and adding to the growing disillusionment with the 'humane pretensions' of the Western World. This was eloquently voiced in Tagore's later poems and his last testament, Crisis in Civilisation. The Indian intelligentsia was in a state of moral dilemma. On the one hand, it could not help sympathising with England's dogged courage in the hour of peril, with the Russians fighting with their backs to the wall against the ruthless Nazi hordes, and with China groaning under the heel of Japanese militarism; on the other hand, their own country was practically under military occupation of their own soil, and an Indian army under Subhas Bose was trying from the opposite camp to liberate their country. No creative impulse could issue from such confusion of loyalties. One would imagine that the achievement of Indian independence in 1947, which came in the wake of the Allies' victory and was followed by the collapse of colonialism in the neighbouring countries of South- East Asia, would have released an upsurge of creative energy. No doubt it did, but unfortunately it was son submerged in the geat agony of partition, with its inhuman slaughter of the innocents and the uprooting of millions of people from their homeland, followed by the martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi. These tragedies, along with Pakistan's invasion of Kashmir and its later atrocities in Bangladesh, did indeed provoke a poignant writing, particularly in the languages of the regions most affected, Bengali, Hindi, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Sindhi and Urdu. But poignant or passionate writing does not by itself make great literature. What reserves of enthusiasm and confidence survived these disasters have been mainly absorbed in the task of national reconstruction and economic development. Great literature has always emerged out of chains of convulsions. Indian literature is richer today in volume, range and variety than it ever was in the past. Based on the passage answer the following questions from 55 to 60:

What was the stance of Indian intelligentsia during the period of great war?

How many teens, as per the Bic survey, do not own a pen?

What is the main concern of the author?

The entire existence of the author revolves round
(a) Computer
(b) Mobile phone
(c) Typewriter

According to the author, which one is not the most creative outlet of pursuit?

Read the following passage carefully and answer question numbers 13 to 17.
I did that thing recently where you have to sign a big card - which is a horror unto itself, especially as the keeper of the Big Card was leaning over me at the time. Suddenly I was on the spot, a rabbit in the headlights, torn between doing a fun message or some sort of in-joke or a drawing. Instead overwhelmed by the myriad options available to me, I decided to just write “Good luck, best, Joel”.
It was then that I realised, to my horror, that I had forgotten how to write. My entire existence is “tap letters into computer”. My shopping lists are hidden in the notes function of my phone. If I need to remember something I send an e-mail to myself. A pen is something I chew when I’m struggling to think. Paper is something I pile beneath my laptop to make it a more comfortable height for me to type on.
A poll of 1,000 teens by the stationers, Bic found that one in 10 don’t own a pen, a third have never written a letter, and half of 13 to 19 years - old have never been forced to sit down and write a thank you letter. More than 80% have never written a love letter, 56% don’t have letter paper at home. And a quarter has never known the unique torture of writing a birthday card. The most a teen ever has to use a pen is on an exam paper.
Bic, have you heard of mobile phones? Have you heard of e-mail, facebook and snap chatting? This is the future. Pens are dead. Paper is dead. Handwriting is a relic.
“Handwriting is one of the most creative outlets we have and should be given the same importance as other art forms such as sketching, painting or photography.”

When confronted with signing a big card, the author felt like “a rabbit in the headlight”. What does this phrase mean?

In terms of labour, for decades the relatively low cost and high quality of Japanese workers conferred considerable competitive advantage across numerous durable goods and consumer electronics industries (eg. Machinery, automobiles, televisions, radios), then labour- based advantages shifted to South Korea, then to Malaysia, Mexico and other nations. Today, China appears to be capitalizing best on the basic of labour, Japanese firms still remain competitive in markets for such durable goods, electronics and other products, but the labour force is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over manufacturers in other industrializing nations. Such shifting of labour-based advantage is clearly not limited to manufacturing industries. Today a huge number of IT and service jobs are moving from Europe and North America to India, Singapore and like countries with relatively well-educated, low-cost workforces possessing technical skills. However, as educational level and technical skills continue to rise in other countries, India, Singapore and like nations enjoying labour-based competitive advantage today are likely to find such advantage cannot be sustained through emergence of new competitions.
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.

Why labour-based competitive advantages of India and Singapore cannot be sustained in IT and service sectors?

In terms of labour, for decades the relatively low cost and high quality of Japanese workers conferred considerable competitive advantage across numerous durable goods and consumer electronics industries (eg. Machinery, automobiles, televisions, radios), then labour- based advantages shifted to South Korea, then to Malaysia, Mexico and other nations. Today, China appears to be capitalizing best on the basic of labour, Japanese firms still remain competitive in markets for such durable goods, electronics and other products, but the labour force is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over manufacturers in other industrializing nations. Such shifting of labour-based advantage is clearly not limited to manufacturing industries. Today a huge number of IT and service jobs are moving from Europe and North America to India, Singapore and like countries with relatively well-educated, low-cost workforces possessing technical skills. However, as educational level and technical skills continue to rise in other countries, India, Singapore and like nations enjoying labour-based competitive advantage today are likely to find such advantage cannot be sustained through emergence of new competitions.
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.

How can an organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime?