Reading-Comprehension
Question 1 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
The passage is indicative of the author’s preference to
A | economic hegemony of individuals |
B | limit government control of economics |
C | seek liberalism from juridical thought |
D | promote individual profits |
Question 2 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
What I incompatible with optimal economic development?
A | Play of ideas |
B | Absence of commercialism |
C | Political society |
D | Excessive government procedures |
Question 3 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
The liberal critique examined the implications of
A | market expansion |
B | too much governance |
C | growth of political economy |
D | politics of marketisation |
Question 4 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
Which of the following played a role in the liberal critique?
A | Liberalism as a consequence of market forces |
B | Liberalism as an offshoot of political economy
|
C | Reality of market |
D | Political economy as a practice |
Question 5 |
Comprehension:
Read the passage carefully and answer questions that follow:
There is no doubt that the market a reality and political economy as a theory played an important role in the liberal critique. But liberalism is neither the consequence nor the development of these; rather, the market played, in the liberal critique, the role of a “test”, a locus of privileged experience where one can identify the effects of excessive govern-mentality and even weight their significance; the analysis of the analysis of the mechanisms of “dearth” or more generally, of the grain trade in the middle of the eighteenth century, was meant to show the point at which governing was always governing too much. Therefore, an analysis to make visible, in the form of evidence, the formation of the value and circulation of wealth-or, on the contrary, and analysis pre-supposing the intrinsic invisibility of the connection between individual profit-seeking and the growth of collective wealth-economics, in any case, shows a basic incompatibility between the optimal development of the economic process and maximization of government procedures. It is by this, more than the play of ideas, the French or English economists broke away from mercantilism and commercialism; they freed reflection on economic practice from the hegemony of the “reason of state” and from the saturation of governmental intervention. By using it as a measure of “governing too much”, they placed it at the limit of governmental action action. Liberalism does not derive from juridical thought any more than it does from an economic analysis. It is not the idea of a political society, but the result of search for a liberal technology of government.
What kind of evidence was needed to make the liberal critique visible?
A | Circulation of wealth |
B | Pre-supposing individual profit |
C | Dearth in supply of grain |
D | Incompatibility of growth |
Question 6 |
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.
The passage analyses languages as a
A | Corpus of learning
|
B | Symbol of State power
|
C | Tool to meet human purposes
|
D | Formal link between old and new generations |
Question 7 |
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.
Imperialism was responsible for
A | Codification of law
|
B | Racial equity
|
C | Primacy of local languages
|
D | Exclusion of old languages |
Question 8 |
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.
One of the characteristics of languages is
A | Constant change in meanings of words
|
B | Subjection to different alien powers
|
C | The ability to survive against heavy odds
|
D | Their monopoly by the elite |
Question 9 |
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.
Historically, minority languages were the basis of
A | Medieval culture
|
B | Cultural independence
|
C | Scholarship
|
D | Religious harmony |
Question 10 |
Certain languages came to acquire a special status introduced by religious leaders. scholars. or conquerors. Sometimes they became the basis of power and privilege. A language spoken by a small minority, such as Latin in Medieval Europe could become the medium of scholarship, of record-keeping and of religious ceremony. A language introduced by conquerors, who became a ruling and landed elite. would be used in commerce, administration and law. During the era of imperialism, the languages of colonial powers became the languages of administration, codified laws. higher education. science and technology in their own colonies. This held back the development of older languages excluded from these spheres. To a varying extent, languages such as English and French Still hold this position in some of the now independent nations of Asia and Africa, This can create problems within these states. as well as between neighbouring countries. notably in West Africa and the Caribbean. These have emerged from subjection to different alien powers. Words are symbols of human experience. Perceptions underlying them have undergone change over time and in response to new situations. Moreover. all languages are in a state of change sometimes gradual, sometimes rapid, They respond to new needs arising from developments in thought and knowledge, in productive techniques. in social relationships. in political and economic structures, Words, therefore, change their meanings and acquire fresh applications; specialized technical terms pass into general usage. And new words are invented. The process reminds us that language is not a corpus of learning, but an instrument adapted to human purposes.
The language of the conquerors was used in
A | Ruling over landed elite
|
B | The administration of law
|
C | Colonising the other countries
|
D | Creating social inclusiveness |
Question 11 |
A | Rachel |
B | Jessica |
C | Ria |
D | None of the options |
Question 12 |
A | Cannot say |
B | Jessica |
C | Rachel |
D | Ria |
Question 13 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q50: In this frame of reference, how does an organization function effectively?
A | By including the hourly employees in the managerial positions
|
B | By identifying and executing performance targets in a collaborative mode |
C | By imposing a rigid philosophy of management |
D | By providing separate work environment for both managers and workers |
So we see from the words highlighted that this management can work effectively only with agreement (collaboration/ working together) of the manager and employees to meet the goal.
Question 14 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q49: The requisite for management by objectives is centred on
A | the control by seniors
|
B | the guidance of juniors |
C | the participatory process
|
D | the organizational settings |
Therefore the requisite of this type of management is effective participation of all to achieve the result.
Question 15 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q48: In an MBO, organisation is managed through the identification of
A | competing goals |
B | common objectives
|
C | its specific characteristics
|
D | senior and junior managers
|
MBO means Management by Objective is managed by identifying common goals /objectives.
Question 16 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q47: The philosophy behind management by objective is to
A | effect improvement through a joint review of achievement of performance goals within a given timeframe
|
B | integrate external and internal controls by managers |
C | provide managers scope to review the accepted output variables |
D | agree upon different performance goals for managers and employees |
Option 2 can be modified as integrate external control by manager and self control by employees
Explanation: As given in passage "The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees."
Question 17 |
Read the passage and answer questions from 46 to 50.
Through their work and the efforts of others, managers in all kinds of organizational settings, whether industrial, educational, governmental, or military are attempting to run their organizations with the management by objectives process as a basic underlying management concept. Management by objectives is basically a process where by the seniors and the junior managers of an enterprise jointly identify its common goals, define each individual’s major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected… use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members. In some cases, this process has been successfully carried beyond the managerial level to include hourly employees. The concept rests on a philosophy of management that emphasizes an integration between external control by managers and self-control by employees.It can apply to any manager or individual no matter what level or function, and to any organisation, regardless of size. The effective functioning of this system is an agreement between a manager and an employee about the employee’s groups performance goals during a stated time period. These goals can emphasise either output variables of intervening variables or some combination of both. The important thing is that goals are jointly established and agreed upon in advance. At the end of the time period, performance is reviewed in relation to accepted goals. Both the employee and the manager participate in this review.
Q46: The critical feature of the concept in this type of management is related to
A | the assignment of responsibility to the workers
|
B | distinguishing the operational role between managers and workers |
C | promoting of uniformity of work environment among all types of organisation |
D | sharing of responsibility with an eye on results |
It means they take up responsibilities keeping in mind the result to be achieved.
Question 18 |
- Percept means
A | Direct observation through the senses |
B | A conceived idea |
C | Ends of a spectrum |
D | An abstract image |
Question 19 |
- In the passage, the earth is taken as
A | The Globe |
B | The Human Habitat |
C | A Celestial Body |
D | A Planet |
Question 20 |
- The relation of Percept to Concept is
A | Positive |
B | Negative |
C | Reflective |
D | Absolute |
Question 21 |
- Concept means
A | A mental image |
B | A reality |
C | An idea expressed in language form |
D | All the above |
Question 22 |
- According to the passage, human beings have mostly in mind
A | Observation of things |
B | Preparation of mental images |
C | Expression through language |
D | To gain knowledge |
Question 23 |
- The problem raised in the passage reflects on
A | thought process |
B | human behaviour |
C | cultural perceptions |
D | professional opinion |
Question 24 |
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.
The main focus of the passage is on:
A | Co-ordination between regional and national efforts |
B | Adaptation to climate change |
C | Social dimensions of climate change |
D | Combining traditional knowledge with appropriate technology |
Question 25 |
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.
The traditional knowledge should be used through
A | Improvement in national circumstances |
B | Synergy between government and local interventions |
C | Modern technology |
D | Its dissemination |
Question 26 |
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.
Adaption as a process enables societies to cope with:
(a) An uncertain future
(b) Adjustments and changes
(C) Negative impact of climate change
(d) Positive impact of climate change
A | (a) and (c) |
B | (b), (c) and (d) |
C | (c) only |
D | (a), (b), (c) and (d) |
Question 27 |
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.
Given below are the factors of vulnerability of poor people to climate changes. Select the correct that contains the correct answer.
(a) Their dependence on natural resources
(b) Geographical attributes
(c) Lack of financial resources
(d) Lack of traditional knowledge
A | (b), (c) and (d) |
B | (a), (b), (c) and (d) |
C | (c) only |
D | (a), (b) and (c) |
Question 28 |
Climate change is considered to be one of the most serious threats to sustainable development, with adverse impacts on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resources and physical infrastructure. Global climate varies naturally. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the effects of climate change have already been observed, and scientific findings indicate that precautionary and prompt action is necessary. Vulnerability to climate change is not just a function of geography or dependence on natural resources; it also has social, economic and political dimensions which influence how climate change affects different groups. Poor people rarely have insurance to cover loss of property due to natural calamines i.e. drought, floods, super cyclones etc. The poor communities are already struggling to cope with the existing challenges of poverty and climate variability and climate change could push many beyond their ability to cope or even survive. It is vital that these communities are helped to adapt to the changing dynamics of nature. Adaptation is a process through which societies make themselves better able to cope with an uncertain future. Adapting to climate change entails taking the right measures to reduce the negative effect of climate change (or exploit the positive ones) by making the appropriate adjustments and changes. These range from technological options such as increased sea defences or – flood - proof houses on stilts-to behavioural change at the individual level, such as reducing water use in times of drought. Other strategies include early warning systems for extreme events, better water management, improved risk management, various insurance options and biodiversity conservation. Because of the speed at which climate change is happening due to global temperature rise, it is urgent that the vulnerability of developing countries to climate change is reduced and their capacity to adapt is increased and national adaptation plans are implemented, Adapting, to climate change will entail adjustments and changes at every level from community to national and international. Communities must build their resilience, including adopting appropriate technologies while making the most of traditional knowledge, and diversifying their livelihoods to cope with current and future climate stress. Local coping strategies and knowledge need to be used in synergy with government and local interventions. The need of adaptation interventions depends on national circumstances. There is a large body of knowledge and experience within local communities on coping with climatic variability and extreme weather events. Local communities have always aimed to adapt to variations in their climate. To do so, they have made preparations based on their resources and their knowledge accumulated through experience of past weather patterns. This includes times when they have also been forced to react to and recover from extreme events, such as floods, drought and hurricanes. Local coping strategies are an important element of planning for adaptation. Climate change is leading communities to experience climatic extremes more frequently, as well as new climate conditions and extremes. Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time – tested ways of advising and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming.
To address the challenge of climate change developing countries urgently requires:
A | Implementation of natural adaptation policy at their level |
B | Adoption of short term plans |
C | Adoption of technological solutions |
D | Imposition of climate change tax |
Question 29 |
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.
The main focus of the passage is on
A | Resolution of water conflicts |
B | Encouraging bilateral co-operation |
C | Management of water as a valuable resource |
D | River inter-linking |
Question 30 |
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.
What would be of high priority to both New Delhi and Brasilia as regards river water ?
A | Proposing water as a global common |
B | Sharing water |
C | Development of large water resources |
D | Fight against contamination of riverbeds |
Question 31 |
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.
The institutional framework of Brazil for water management
A | Promotes bilateral collaboration |
B | Provides for multi-stakeholder participation |
C | Consists of regional river boards |
D | Addresses legal dimensions of water sharing |
Question 32 |
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.
Deliberations on the theme ‘Sharing Water’ should facilitate
A | Regular evaluation of sustainable development goals |
B | The role of private sector in preserving water resources |
C | The establishment of institutional framework |
D | Sensitisation of government authorities |
Question 33 |
Some 2000 km down south of the Amazon, and about the same time when the tidal waves were at their highest as a consequence of the big clash of sea and fresh water at the Amazon delta most vigorously in March and April (2018), more than 40,000 people were talking about the power of water. Brasilia hosted the eighth edition of the World Water Forum (WWF – 8), where heads of states, civil societies and private sector gathered to discuss the present and future of mankind’s most valuable resource. This year’s theme was ‘Sharing Water’, and the government authorities expectedly put forth a political declaration, aimed at raising awareness about threats and opportunities associated with water resources. Deliberations here would play a decisive role in the periodic assessment of the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030.
Brazil has established a solid institutional and legal framework for water management, based on the principle of multi-stakeholder participation. Brazil has also been conducting one of the boldest river inter-linking projects in which 500 km of canals will transfer abundant waters from the Sāo Francisco basin to small rivers and weirs in one of Brazil’s most arid areas, benefitting more than 12 million people in almost 400 municipalities.
India, too, has a large variety of water resources. An institutional framework consisting of regional river boards and river cleansing missions has been set up, while successive Central Governments have made efforts to address the dire needs of irrigation and mitigation of ground water depletion. As in the case of Brazil, a lot remains to be done in India.
Adequate treatment of industrial waste-water, the fight against contamination of riverbeds and assistance to drought affected areas are high priority topics for both New Delhi and Brasilia. Due to these commonalities, there is ample room for bilateral co-operation. Water is a local, regional and global common and as such, collaboration is key to address most of its associated threats.
Today, mankind is faced with two facts: water is too powerful a force to be fought over, and too valuable a resource to be lost. To harmonise these two conflicting aspects, sharing water is perhaps the only meaningful motto for the ages to come.
As per the text of the passage, the eighth edition of the World Water Forum was concerned with
A | Present and future of mankind |
B | The issue of high tidal waves |
C | The power of water |
D | The role of civil society in solving water-related problems |
Question 34 |
What was the impact of the last Great War on Indian literature?
A | It had no impact. |
B | It aggravated popular revulsion against violence. |
C | It shook the foundations of literature. |
D | It offered eloquent support to the Western World. |
Question 35 |
The passage has the message that
A | Disasters are inevitable. |
B | Great literature emerges out of chains of convulsions. |
C | Indian literature does not have a marked landscape. |
D | Literature has no relation with war and independence. |
Question 36 |
Identify the factor responsible for the submergence of creative energy in Indian literature.
A | Military occupation of one's own soil. |
B | Resistance to colonial occupation. |
C | Great agony of partition. |
D | Victory of Allies. |
Question 37 |
What was the aftermath that survived tragedies in Kashmir and Bangladesh?
A | Suspicion of other countries |
B | Continuance of rivalry |
C | Menace of war |
D | National reconstruction |
Question 38 |
What did Tagore articulate in his last testament?
A | Offered support to Subhas Bose. |
B | Exposed the humane pretensions of the Western World. |
C | Expressed loyalty to England |
D | Encouraged the liberation of countries. |
Question 39 |
What was the stance of Indian intelligentsia during the period of great war?
A | Indifference to Russia's plight. |
B | They favoured Japanese militarism. |
C | They prompted creativity out of confused loyalties. |
D | They expressed sympathy for England's dogged courage. |
Question 40 |
A | 800 |
B | 560 |
C | 500 |
D | 100 |
Question 41 |
A | That the teens use social networks for communication. |
B | That the teens use mobile phones |
C | That the teens use computer. |
D | That the teens have forgotten the art of handwriting. |
Question 42 |
(a) Computer
(b) Mobile phone
(c) Typewriter
A | (b) only |
B | (a) and (b) only |
C | (a), (b) and (c) |
D | (b) and (c) only |
Question 43 |
A | Handwriting |
B | Photography |
C | Sketching |
D | Reading |
Question 44 |
I did that thing recently where you have to sign a big card - which is a horror unto itself, especially as the keeper of the Big Card was leaning over me at the time. Suddenly I was on the spot, a rabbit in the headlights, torn between doing a fun message or some sort of in-joke or a drawing. Instead overwhelmed by the myriad options available to me, I decided to just write “Good luck, best, Joel”.
It was then that I realised, to my horror, that I had forgotten how to write. My entire existence is “tap letters into computer”. My shopping lists are hidden in the notes function of my phone. If I need to remember something I send an e-mail to myself. A pen is something I chew when I’m struggling to think. Paper is something I pile beneath my laptop to make it a more comfortable height for me to type on.
A poll of 1,000 teens by the stationers, Bic found that one in 10 don’t own a pen, a third have never written a letter, and half of 13 to 19 years - old have never been forced to sit down and write a thank you letter. More than 80% have never written a love letter, 56% don’t have letter paper at home. And a quarter has never known the unique torture of writing a birthday card. The most a teen ever has to use a pen is on an exam paper.
Bic, have you heard of mobile phones? Have you heard of e-mail, facebook and snap chatting? This is the future. Pens are dead. Paper is dead. Handwriting is a relic.
“Handwriting is one of the most creative outlets we have and should be given the same importance as other art forms such as sketching, painting or photography.”
When confronted with signing a big card, the author felt like “a rabbit in the headlight”. What does this phrase mean?
A | A state of confusion |
B | A state of pleasure |
C | A state of anxiety |
D | A state of pain |
Question 45 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
Why labour-based competitive advantages of India and Singapore cannot be sustained in IT and service sectors?
A | Due to diminishing levels of skill |
B | Due to capital-intensive technology making inroads |
C | Because of new competitors |
D | Because of shifting of labour-based advantage in manufacturing industries. |
Question 46 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
How can an organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime?
A | Through regional capital flows |
B | Through regional interactions among business players. |
C | By making large bank, industries and markets coalesced. |
D | By effective use of various instrumentalities. |
Question 47 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
What does the author lay stress on in the passage?
A | International commerce |
B | Labour-Intensive industries |
C | Capital resource management |
D | Knowledge-driven competitive advantage |
Question 48 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
Which country enjoyed competitive advantages in automobile industry for decades?
A | South Korea |
B | Japan |
C | Mexico |
D | Malaysia |
Question 49 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
The passage also mentions about the trend of
A | Global financial flow |
B | Absence of competition in manufacturing industry |
C | Regionalization of capitalists |
D | Organizational incompatibility |
Question 50 |
In terms of capital, for centuries the days of gold coin and later even paper money restricted financial flows. Subsequently regional concentrations were formed where large banks, industries and markets coalesced. But today capital flows internationally at rapid speed. Global commerce no longer requires regional interactions among business players. Regional capital concentrations in places such as New York, London and Tokyo still persist of course, but the capital concentrated there is no longer sufficient for competitive advantage over other capitalists distributed worldwide, Only if an organization is able to combine, integrate and apply its resources (eg. Land, labour, capital, IT) in an effective manner that is not readily imitable by competitors can such as organization enjoy competitive advantage sustainable overtime.
In a knowledge-based theory of the firm, this idea is extended to view organizational knowledge as recourse with at least the same level of power and importance as the traditional economic inputs. An organization with superior knowledge can achieve competitive advantage in markets that appreciate the application of such knowledge. Semiconductors, genetic engineering, pharmaceuticals, software, military warfare, and like knowledge-intensive competitive arenas provide both time-proven and current examples. Consider semiconductors (e. g. computer chips), which are made principles of sand and common metals, these ubiquitous and powerful electronics devices are designed within common office building, using commercially available tools, and fabricated within factories in many industrialized nations. Hence land is not the key competitive recourse in the semiconductor industry.
What is required to ensure competitive advantages in specific markets?
A | Access to capital |
B | Common office buildings |
C | Superior knowledge |
D | Common metals |