Obtain the principal (canonical) conjunctive normal form of the propositional formula

  (p ∧ q) V (¬q ∧ r) 

Where ‘∧’ is logical and, ‘v’ is inclusive or and ¬ is negation.

Which one of the following predicate formulae is NOT logically valid?
Note that W is a predicate formula without any free occurrence of x.

Which of the following is false? Read ∧ as AND, ∨ as OR, ~ as NOT, → as one way implication and ↔ as two way implication.

Which of the following propositions is a tautology?

What is the converse of the following assertion?

  I stay only if you go. 

(a) Show that the formula [(~p ∨ q) ⇒ (q ⇒ p)] is not a tautology.
(b) Let A be a tautology and B be any other formula. Prove that (A ∨ B) is a tautology.

Let a, b, c, d be propositions. Assume that the equivalence a ↔ (b ∨ -b) and b ↔ c hold. Then the truth-value of the formula (a ∧ b) → (a ∧ c) ∨ d is always

Consider two well-formed formulas in prepositional logic

   F1: P ⇒ ¬P          F2: (P⇒¬P)∨(¬P⇒P)  

Which of the following statements is correct?

“If X then Y unless Z” is represented by which of the following formulas in prepositional logic? (“¬“, is negation, “∧” is conjunction, and “→” is implication)

Which of the following is a valid first order formula? (Here α and β are first order formulae with x as their only free variable)

Consider the following formula a and its two interpretations I₁ and I₂

α: (∀x)[Px ⇔ (∀y)[Qxy ⇔ ¬Qyy]] ⇒ (∀x)[¬Px]
I1: Domain: the set of natural numbers
    Px ≡ 'x is a prime number'
    Qxy ≡ 'y divides x'
I2: same as I1 except that Px = 'x is a composite number'.

Which of the following statements is true?

The following resolution rule is used in logic programming.

Derive clause (P ∨ Q) from clauses (P ∨ R), (Q ∨ ¬R) 

Which of the following statements related to this rule is FALSE?

Identify the correct translation into logical notation of the following assertion.

      "Some boys in the class are taller than all the girls"  

Note: taller(x,y) is true if x is taller than y.

The following propositional statement is (P → (Q v R)) → ((P v Q) → R)

(a) Let * be a Boolean operation defined as
If C = A * B then evaluate and fill in the blanks:
(i) A * A = _______
(ii) C * A = _______
(b) Solve the following boolean equations for the values of A, B and C:

Show that proposition C is a logical consequence of the formula

     A ∧ (A →(B ∨ C)) ∧ (B → ~A)  

Using truth tables.

(a) Uses Modus ponens (A, A →|= B) or resolution to show that the following set is inconsistent:

 (1) Q(x) → P(x)V ~ R(a)
 (2) R(a) ~ Q(a)
 (3) Q(a)
 (4) ~ P(y) 

Where x and y are universally quantified variables, a is a constant and P, Q, R are monadic predicates.

(b) Let S be the set of all integers and let n > 1 be a fixed integer. Define for a, b ∈ S, a R biff a-b is a multiple of n. Show that R is an equivalence relation and finds its equivalence classes for n = 5.

Consider the following first order logic formula in which R is a binary relation symbol.

 ∀x∀y (R(x, y)  => R(y, x)) 

Which one of these first-order logic formula is valid?

Which of the following first order formula is logically valid? Here α(x) is a first order formula with x as a free variable, and β is a first order formula with no free variable.

Which of the following is the negation of [∀x, α →(∃y, β →(∀ u, ∃v, y))]

Which of the following well-formed formulas are equivalent?

Choose the correct alternatives (More than one may be correct). Indicate which of the following well-formed formulae are valid:

Let P, Q and R be three atomic prepositional assertions. Let X denote (P ∨ Q) → R and Y denote (P → R) ∨ (Q → R). Which one of the following is a tautology?

What is the first order predicate calculus statement equivalent to the following?

   Every teacher is liked by some student  

Which one of the following well formed formulae is a tautology?

Which one of the following well-formed formulae in predicate calculus is NOT valid?

Consider the first order predicate formula φ:

∀x[(∀z z|x ⇒ ((z = x) ∨ (z = 1))) ⇒ ∃w (w > x) ∧ (∀z z|w ⇒ ((w = z) ∨ (z = 1)))]

Here 'a|b' denotes that 'a divides b', where a and b are integers. Consider the following sets:

S1.  {1, 2, 3, ..., 100}
S2.  Set of all positive integers
S3. Set of all integers

Which of the above sets satisfy φ?

Suppose the predicate F(x, y, t) is used to represent the statement that person x can fool person y at time t. Which one of the statements below expresses best the meaning of the formula ∀x∃y∃t(¬F(x,y,t))?

Let Graph(x) be a predicate which denotes that x is a graph. Let Connected(x) be a predicate which denotes that x is connected. Which of the following first order logic sentences DOES NOT represent the statement: “Not every graph is connected”?

Which one of the following is the most appropriate logical formula to represent the statement?

      “Gold and silver ornaments are precious”.

The following notations are used:

  
       G(x): x is a gold ornament
       S(x): x is a silver ornament
       P(x): x is precious

The binary operation □ is defined as follows

Which one of the following is equivalent to P ∨ Q ?