A crime has been committed with four people at the scene of the crime. You are responsible for finding out who did it. You have recorded the following statements from the four witnesses, and you know one of them has committed the crime.
(1) Anuj says that Binky did it.
(2) Binky says that Anuj did it.
(3) Chacko says that Binky is telling the truth.
(4) Desmond says that Chacko is not lying.
You know that exactly three of the statements recorded are FALSE. Who committed the crime?

In the expression ‘Nothing is larger than itself’ the relation ‘is larger than’ is

Assertion (A) : There are more laws on the books today than ever before, and more crimes being committed than ever before.
Reason (R) : Because to reduce crime we must eliminate the laws.
Choose the correct answer from below :

If the proposition “All men are not mortal” is true then which of the following inferences is correct ? Choose from the code given below :
1. “All men are mortal” is true.
2. “Some men are mortal” is false.
3. “No men are mortal” is doubtful.
4. “All men are mortal” is false.

Determine the nature of the following definition :
“Abortion” means the ruthless murdering of innocent beings.

Which one of the following is not an argument ?

Venn diagram is a kind of diagram to

Reasoning by analogy leads to

Which of the following statements are false ? Choose from the code given below :
1. Inductive arguments always proceed from the particular to the general.
2. A cogent argument must be inductively strong.
3. A valid argument may have a false premise and a false conclusion.
4. An argument may legitimately be spoken of as ‘true’ or ‘false’.

A definition put forward to resolve a dispute by influencing attitudes or stirring emotions is called

Which of the codes given below contains only the correct statements?
Statements:
(i) Venn diagram is a clear method of notation.
(ii) Venn diagram is the most direct method of testing the validity of categorical syllogisms.
(iii) In Venn diagram method the premises and the conclusion of a categorical syllogism is diagrammed.
(iv) In Venn diagram method the three overlapping circles are drawn for testing a categorical syllogism.

Inductive reasoning presupposes

If the statement ‘some men are honest’ is false, which among the following
statements will be true. Choose the correct code given below:
(i) All men are honest
(ii) No men are honest
(iii) Some men are not honest.
(iv) All men are dishonest.

Given below is a diagram of three circles A, B and C over-lapping each other? The circle A represents the class of honest people, the circle B represent the class of sincere people and circle C represents the class of politicians. p, q, r, s, U, X, Y represent different regions. Select the code that represents the region indicating the class of honest politicians who are not sincere.

“A man ought no more to value himself for being wiser than a woman if he owes his advantage to a better education, than he ought to boast of his courage for beating a man when his hands were tied.” The above passage is an instance of

By which of the following proposition, the proposition “wise men are hardly afraid of death” is contradicted?

When in a group of propositions, one proposition is claimed to follow from the others, that group of propositions is called

Namita and Samita are brilliant and studious. Anita and karabi are obedient and irregular. Babita and Namita are irregular but brilliant. Samita and Kabita are regular and obedient. Who among them is/are brilliant, obedient, regular and studious?

If two propositions having the same subject and predicate terms are such that one is the denial of the other, the relationship between them is called

Ananaya and Krishna can speak and follow English. Bulbul can write and speak Hindi as Archana does. Archana talks with Ananya also in Bengali. Krishna can not follow Bengali. Bulbul talks with Ananya in Hindi. Who can speak and follow English, Hindi and Bengali?

A stipulative definition may be said to be

When the conclusion of an argument follows from its premise/premises conclusively, the argument is called

Saturn and Mars are planets like the earth. They borrow light from the Sun and moves around the sun as the Earth does. So those planets are inhabited by various orders of creatures as the earth is
What type of argument is contained in the above passage?

Given below are two premises. Four conclusions are drawn from those two premises in four codes. Select the code that states the conclusion validly drawn.
Premises:
(i) All saints are religious. (major)
(ii) Some honest persons are saints. (minor)

Yadav, Arjun, Rajesh and Kamal play cricket. Rajesh and Kamal play tennis but do not play football. Yadav does not play Badminton but play golf. Arjun does not play tennis. Kamal sometimes plays Badminton. Who does play only cricket ?

A deductive argument can not be valid :

An analogical argument is strengthened by

If two propositions cannot both be false but may both be true, what is the relation between the two propositions ?

What is equivalent of the statement ‘All atheists are pessimists’ ?

"If a large diamond is cut up into little bits it will lose its value just as an army is divided up into small units of soldiers. It loses its strength." The argument put above may be called as

Given below are some characteristics of logical argument. Select the code which expresses a characteristic which is not of inductive in character.

If two propositions having the same subject and predicate terms can both be true but cannot both be false, the relation between those two propositions is called

Given below are two premises and four conclusions drawn from those premises. Select the code that expresses conclusion drawn validly from the premises (separately or jointly).
Premises:
(a) All dogs are mammals.
(b) No cats are dogs.
Conclusions:
(i) No cats are mammals
(ii) Some cats are mammals.
(iii) No Dogs are cats
(iv) No dogs are non-mammals.

Given below is a diagram of three circles A, B & C inter-related with each of Indians. The circle B represents the class of scientists and circle C represents the class of politicians. p,q,r,s... represent different regions. Select the code containing the region that indicates the class of Indian scientists who are not politicians.

If two propositions are connected in such a way that they cannot both be false although they may both be true, then their relationship is called

Which one among the following is not a characteristic of a deductive type of argument?

Select the code which states the condition of an invalid deductive argument:

Given below are two premises, with four conclusions drawn from them (taking singly or together); which conclusions are validly drawn? Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Premises:
(i) All bats are mammals.
(ii) Birds are not bats.
Conclusions:
(a) Birds are not mammals.
(b) Bats are not birds.
(c) All mammals are bats.
(d) Some mammals are bats.

When a definition implies a proposal to use the definiendum to mean what is meant by the definiens it is called

Select the code which is not correct:
An analogical argument is strengthened by

Among the following statements two are contradictory to each other. Select the correct code that represents them:
Statements:
(a) All poets are philosophers.
(b) Some poets are philosophers.
(c) Some poets are not philosophers.
(d) No philosopher is a poet.

When the purpose of a definition is to explain the use or to eliminate ambiguity the definition is called:

A deductive argument is invalid if:

Which of the codes given below contains only the correct statements? Select the code:
Statements:
(a) Venn diagram represents the arguments graphically.
(b) Venn diagram can enhance our understanding.
(c) Venn diagram may be called valid or invalid.
(d) Venn diagram is clear method of notation.

Inductive reasoning is grounded on:

If we want to seek new knowledge of facts about the world, we must rely on reason of the type:

Among the following propositions two are related in such a way that one is the denial of the other. Which are those propositions? Select the correct code:
Propositions:
(a) All women are equal to men
(b) Some women are equal to men
(c) Some women are not equal to men
(d) No women are equal to men

Select the code, which is not correct in the context of deductive argument with two premises:

Given below two premise and four conclusions are drawn from them (taking singly or together). Select the code that states the conclusion validly drawn.
Premises: (i) All religious persons are emotional.
(ii) Ram is a religious person.
Conclusion: (a) Ram is emotional.
(b) All emotional persons are religious.
(c) Ram is not a non-religious person.
(d) Some religious persons are not emotional.

If the proposition ‘All thieves are poor’ is false, which of the following propositions can be claimed certainly to be true?

Consider the following statement and select the correct code stating the nature of the argument involved in it:
To suppose that the earth is the only populated world in the infinite space is as absurd as to assert that in an entire field of millet only one grain will grow.

Select the code, which is not correct about Venn diagram:

Consider the argument given below:
‘Pre - employment testing of teachers is quite fair because doctors, architects and engineers who are now employed had to face such a testing.’
What type of argument it is?

Among the following propositions two arc related in such a way that they can both be true although they cannot both be false. Which are those propositions? Select the correct code.
Propositions:
(a) Some priests are cunning.
(b) No priest is cunning.
(c) All priests are cunning.
(d) Some priests are not cunning.

A Cluster of propositions with a structure that exhibits some inference is called

Consider the following assertion (A) and reason (R) and select the correct code given below:
(A): No man is perfect.
(R): Some men are not perfect.

A definition that has a meaning that is deliberately assigned to some symbol is called:

If the proposition ‘No men are honest’ is taken to be false which of the following proposition/propositions can be claimed certainly to be true?

Given below are some characteristics of reasoning. Select the code that states a characteristic which is not of deductive reasoning:

Men and woman may have different reproductive strategies but neither can be considered inferior or superior to the other, any more than a bird's wings can be considered superior or inferior to a fish's fins. What type of argument it is ?

Among the following, two statements are related in such a way that if one becomes undetermined, the other will also be undetermined. Select the code that refers to these two statements.
Statements:
(i) Every fruit is nutritious.
(ii) Fruits are hardly nutritious.
(iii) Fruits are mostly nutritious.
(iv) Some food items are nutritious.

Given below are two premises (a) and (b). Four conclusions are drawn from them. Select the code that embodies validly drawn conclusion(s) (taking the premises individually or jointly).
Premises:
(a) All saints are noble.
(b) Some religious men are saints.
Conclusions:
(i) Some religious men are noble.
(ii) All religious men are noble.
(iii) Some saints are religious men.
(iv) All noble persons are saints.

Which one is not correct in the context of deductive and inductive reasoning?

When the purpose of the definition is to explain some established use of a term, the definition is called

Given below are four statements. Among them, two are related in such a way that they can both be true but they cannot both be false. Select the code that indicates those two statements:
Statements:
(a) Honest people never suffer.
(b) Almost all honest people do suffer.
(c) Honest people hardly suffer.
(d) Each and every honest person suffers.

It is Truism to say that no one was there when life first appeared on earth. Any assertion about life’s origin thus, should be treated as a theory.

A deductive argument is invalid if:

Given below are two premises (a and b), from those two premises four conclusions (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are drawn. Select the code that states the conclusion/conclusions drawn validity (taking the premises singularly or jointly).
Premises:
(a) All bats are mammals.
(b) No birds are bats.
Conclusions:
(i) No birds are mammals.
(ii) Some birds are not mammals.
(iii) No bats are birds.
(iv) All mammals are bats.

Just melting ice-cubes do not causes a glass of water to overflow, melting sea – ice does not increase ocebic volume. What type of argument is it?

Statements :
I All students are ambitious
II All ambitious persons are hard working
Conclusions :
(i) All students are hard-working
(ii) All hardly working people are not ambitious
Which of the following is correct ?

Statement :
Most students are intelligent
Conclusions :
(i) Some students are intelligent
(ii) All students are not intelligent
Which of the following is implied ?

Statement : Most labourers are poor
Conclusions :
(i) Some labourers are poor
(ii) All labourers are not poor
Which of the following is implied ?

The following question is based on the diagram given below. If the two small circles represent formal class-room education and distance education and the big circle stands for university system of education, which figure represents the university systems?  

Assertion (A): Man is a rational being. Reason (R): Man is a social being.

Deductive argument involves

Inductive reasoning is based on or presupposes

To be critical, thinking must be

Which of the following is an analogous statement?

Questions from 35 - 36 are based on the following diagram in which there are three intersecting circles. H representing The Hindu, I representing Indian Express and T representing The Times of India. A total of 50 persons were surveyed and the number in the Venn diagram indicates the number of persons reading the newspapers. How many persons would be reading at least two newspapers?

Questions from 35 - 36 are based on the following diagram in which there are three intersecting circles. H representing The Hindu, I representing Indian Express and T representing The Times of India. A total of 50 persons were surveyed and the number in the Venn diagram indicates the number of persons reading the newspapers. How many persons would be reading almost two newspapers?

Which of the following statements are mutually contradictory?
(i) All flowers are not fragrant.
(ii) Most flowers are not fragrant.
(iii) None of the flowers is fragrant.
(iv) Most flowers are fragrant.
Choose the correct answer from the code given below:

Which of the following statement/s are ALWAYS FALSE?
(i) The sun will not rise in the East some day.
(ii) A wooden table is not a table.
(iii) Delhi city will be drowned under water.
(iv) Cars run on water as fuel. Choose the correct answer from the code given below:

Find out the number which should come at the place of question mark which will complete the following series: 5, 4, 9, 17, 35, ? = 139

Questions 22 to 24 are based on the following diagram in which there are three interlocking circles I, S and P, where circle I stands for Indians, circle S for Scientists and circle P for Politicians. Different regions in the figure are lettered from a to f  

• The region which represents Non-Indian Scientists who are Politicians:

 

Questions 22 to 24 are based on the following diagram in which there are three interlocking circles I, S and P, where circle I stands for Indians, circle S for Scientists and circle P for Politicians. Different regions in the figure are lettered from a to f

• The region which represents Indians who are neither Scientists nor Politicians:

Questions 22 to 24 are based on the following diagram in which there are three interlocking circles I, S and P, where circle I stands for Indians, circle S for Scientists and circle P for Politicians. Different regions in the figure are lettered from a to f

• The region which represents Politicians who are Indians as well as Scientists:

Logical arguments are based on:

From the given four statements, select the two which cannot be true but yet both can be false.
Choose the right pair:
(i) All men are mortal
(ii) Some men are mortal
(iii) No man is mortal
(iv) Some men are not mortal

A Syllogism must have:

Copula is that part of proposition which denotes the relationship between:

"E" denotes:

Circle graphs are used to show:

Logical reasoning is based on:

Two propositions with the same subject and predicate terms but different in quality are:

The premises of a valid deductive argument:

Syllogistic reasoning is:

Study the following Venn diagram and answer questions nos. 31 to 33. Three circles representing GRADUATES, CLERKS and GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES are intersecting. The intersections are marked A, B, C, e, f, g and h. Which part best represents the statements in questions 31 to 33?

• Some Graduates are Government employees but not as Clerks.

Study the following Venn diagram and answer questions nos. 31 to 33. Three circles representing GRADUATES, CLERKS and GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES are intersecting. The intersections are marked A, B, C, e, f, g and h. Which part best represents the statements in questions 31 to 33?

• Clerks who are graduates as well as government employees:

Study the following Venn diagram and answer questions nos. 31 to 33. Three circles representing GRADUATES, CLERKS and GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES are intersecting. The intersections are marked A, B, C, e, f, g and h. Which part best represents the statements in questions 31 to 33?

• Some graduates are Clerks but not Government employees.

In a deductive argument conclusion is:

'No man are mortal' is contradictory of:

A deductive argument is valid if:

Structure of logical argument is based on:

Questions 31 and 32 are based on the following venn diagram in which there are three intersecting circles representing Hindi knowing persons, English knowing persons and persons who are working as teachers. Different regions so obtained in the figure are marked as a, b, c, d, e, f and g.  

• If you want to select Hindi and English knowing teachers, which of the following is to be selected?

 

Questions 31 and 32 are based on the following venn diagram in which there are three intersecting circles representing Hindi knowing persons, English knowing persons and persons who are working as teachers. Different regions so obtained in the figure are marked as a, b, c, d, e, f and g.

• If you want to select persons, who do not know English and are not teachers, which of the region is to be selected?

In an examination, 35% of the total students failed in Hindi, 45% failed in English and 20% in both. The percentage of those who passed in both subjects is

Two statements I and II given below are followed by two conclusions (a) and (b). Supposing the statements are true, which of the following conclusions can logically follow ? Statements:
Some flowers are red.
Some flowers are blue.
Conclusions:
(a) Some flowers are neither red nor blue.
(b) Some flowers are both red and blue.

If the statement ‘all students are intelligent’ is true, which of the following statements are false?
(i) No students are intelligent.
(ii) Some students are intelligent.
(iii) Some students are not intelligent.

A reasoning where we start with certain particular statements and conclude with a universal statement is called

If two small circles represent the class of the ‘men’ and the class of the ‘plants’ and the big circle represents ‘mortality’, which one of the following figures represent the proposition ‘All men are mortal.’ ?

Two statements I and II given below are followed by two conclusions (a) and (b). Supposing the statements are true, which of the following conclusions can logically follow?
Some religious people are morally good.
Some religious people are rational.
Conclusions:
(a) Rationally religious people are good morally.
(b) Non-rational religious persons are not morally good.

Certainty is

Questions  from  35 to 36 are  based on  the  following  diagram in  which there are  three  intersecting  circles I, S  and  P  where circle  I  stands  for Indians, circle S stands for scientists and circle P for politicians. Different regions of the figure are lettered from a to g.

• The region which represents non Indian scientists who are politicians.

Questions  from  35 to 36 are  based on  the  following  diagram in  which there are  three  intersecting  circles I, S  and  P  where circle  I  stands  for Indians, circle S stands for scientists and circle P for politicians. Different regions of the figure are lettered from a to g.

• The region which represents politicians who are Indians as well as scientists.

Assertion (A): The coin when flipped next time will come up tails.
Reason (R): Because the coin was flipped five times in a row, and each time it came up heads.
Choose the correct answer from below:

The relation ‘is a sister of ’ is

If the proposition “Vegetarians are not meat eaters” is false, then which of the following inferences is correct? Choose from the codes given below:

1. “Some vegetarians are meat eaters” is true.
2. “All vegetarians are meat eaters” is doubtful.
3. “Some vegetarians are not meat eaters” is true.
4. “Some vegetarians are not meat eaters” is doubtful.

Codes:

Determine the nature of the following definition: ‘Poor’ means having an annual income of Rs. 10,000.

Which one of the following is not an argument?

Venn diagram is a kind of diagram to

Inductive logic studies the way in which a premise may

Which of the following statements are true? Choose from the codes given below.

1. Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid.
2. A sound argument may be invalid.
3. A cogent argument may have a probably false conclusion.
4. A statement may be true or false.

Codes:

If the statement ‘some men are cruel’ is false, which of the following statements/statement are/is true ?
(i) All men are cruel.
(ii) No men are cruel.
(iii) Some men are not cruel.

Consider the Assertion–I and Assertion–II and select the right code given below:
Assertion–I: Even Bank-lockers are not safe. Thieves can break them and take away your wealth. But thieves cannot go to heaven. So you should keep your wealth in heaven.
Assertion–II: The difference of skin-colour of beings is because of the distance from the sun and not because of some permanent traits. Skin-colour is the result of body’s reaction to the sun and its rays.

By which of the following proposition, the proposition ‘some men are not honest’ is contradicted?

A stipulative definition is

If the statement ‘most of the students are obedient’ is taken to be true, which one of the following pair of statements can be claimed to be true?
I. All obedient persons are students.
II. All students are obedient.
III. Some students are obedient.
IV. Some students are not disobedient.

Choose the right code:
A deductive argument claims that:
I. The conclusion does not claim something more than that which is contained in the premises.
II. The conclusion is supported by the premise/premises conclusively.
III. If the conclusion is false, then premise/premises may be either true or false.
IV. If premise/combination of premises is true, then conclusion must be true.

Which of the following statements are always true ?
(a) A wooden table is a table
(b) Now, it is raining or not raining
(c) The sun rises in the East every day
(d) A chicken comes out of a hens egg
Choose the correct answer from the code given below :

Which of the following statements are mutually inconsistent ?
(a) Mostly poets are not egoistic
(b) Mostly poets are humble
(c) Some poets are egoistic
(d) Some poets are not non - egoistic
Choose the correct answer from the code given below :

Which of the following statements is/are absolutely impossible ?
(a) A woman giving birth to her own grandchild
(b) A man attending his own funeral
(c) The Sun not rising in the East some day
(d) Cars running without petrol
Choose the correct answer from the code given below :

Which of the following are incorrect ways of arguing ?
(a) If horses are cows, and if cows are sheep, then all horses must be sheep.
(b) If top actors are famous, and Shah Rukh Khan is famous, then Shah Rukh Khan is a top actor
(c) Lata is the second sister of Raju, hence Raju is the second brother of Lata
(d) A is not equal to B, but B is equal to C, hence A is equal to C.
Choose the correct answer from the code given below :

Superiority of intellect depends upon its power of concentration on one theme in the same way as a concave mirror collects all the rays that strike upon it into one point. What type of reasoning is entailed in the above statement ?

Given below are two premises (A and B). Four conclusions are drawn from them.
Select the code that states validly drawn conclusion(s) (taking the premises individually or jointly).
Premises :
(A) Most of the dancers are physically fit.
(B) Most of the singers are dancers.
Conclusions :
(a) Most of the singers are physically fit.
(b) Most of the dancers are singers.
(c) Most of the physically fit persons are dancers.
(d) Most of the physically fit persons are singers.

Which one among the following is a presupposition in inductive reasoning ?

If the proposition ‘domestic animals are hardly ferocious’ is taken to be false, which of the following proposition/propositions can be claimed to be certainly true ? Select the correct code :
Propositions :
(a) All domestic animals are ferocious.
(b) Most of the domestic animals are ferocious.
(c) No domestic animal is ferocious.
(d) Some domestic animals are non-ferocious.

Which one of the following statements is not correct in the context of Venn diagram method ?

The reasoning which would be helpful in seeking new knowledge of facts about the world is :

Among the following statements , two are contradictory to each other.
Statements :
(a) All men are humans.
(b) Some men are humans
(c) Some men are not humans
(d) No men are humans

In which of the following instances, deductive argument is invalid ?

Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them (taking singly or together). Which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premises ?
Premises : ​
(i) All cats are animals.
(ii) Birds are not cats.
Conclusions : ​
(a) Birds are not animals
(b) Cats are not Birds.
(c) All animals are cats.
(d) Some animals are cats.

Inductive argument proceeds from :

Given below are two premises with four conclusions drawn from them. Which of the following conclusions could be validly drawn from the premise?
Premises:
(i) No paper is pen
(ii) Some paper are  handmade
Conclusion:

If the proposition 'Houses are not bricks' is taken to be False then which of the following propositions can be TRUE?
(a) All houses are bricks
(b) No house is brick
(c) Some houses are bricks
(d) Some houses are not bricks
Select the correct answer from the options given below:

Identify the reasoning in the following argument: 'Use of teaching aids in the classroom to enhance learning is important in a similar way as that if the use of ICT for production of knowledge'.

Which one of the following hetwabhasa (fallacy) is involved in the argument. “Sound is element because it is caused”?

Consider the following argument:

Statements:
Some chairs are curtains.
All curtains are bedsheets.
Conclusion: Some chairs are bedsheets.

What is the Mood of the above proposition?

Which one of the following fallacious hetu (middle term) is not uniformly concomitant with the major term?

Which of the following is converse of ‘Some S is P’?

According to classical Indian school of logic, what is the correct sequence of steps involved in Anumana (influence)?