Adder
Question 1 |
Consider an eight-bit ripple-carry adder for computing the sum of A and B, where A and B are integers represented in 2’s complement form. If the decimal value of A is one, the decimal value of B that leads to the longest latency for the sum to stabilize is _________.
-1 | |
-2 | |
-3 | |
-4 |
If we do 2's complement of 1 = 0000 0001, we get -1 = "1111 1111"

So, if B = -1, every carry bit is 1.
Question 2 |
A half adder is implemented with XOR and AND gates. A full adder is implemented with two half adders and one OR gate. The propagation delay of an XOR gate is twice that of an AND/OR gate. The propagation delay of an AND/OR gate is 1.2 microseconds. A 4-bit ripple-carry binary adder is implemented by using four full adders. The total propagation time of this 4-bit binary adder in microseconds is ____________.
19.1 | |
19.2 | |
18.1 | |
18.2 |

Here, each Full Adder is taking 4.8 microseconds. Given adder is a 4 Bit Ripple Carry Adder. So it takes 4*4.8 = 19.2 microseconds.
Question 3 |
Consider the ALU shown below.

If the operands are in 2's complement representation, which of the following operations can be performed by suitably setting the control lines K and C0 only (+ and - denote addition and subtraction respectively)?
A + B, and A – B, but not A + 1 | |
A + B, and A + 1, but not A – B | |
A + B, but not A – B or A + 1 | |
A + B, and A – B, and A + 1
|
1) A+B when K=0 and C0 = 0. It is binary adder which performs addition of two binary numbers.
2) A - B = A+ B' + 1 when K=1 and C0 = 1 ;
Here XOR gates produce B' if K=1. Since 1⊕b= b'.
"1" in (A+B+1) is coming from C0.
Note: 2's complement of B is (B'+1). 3) A+1 when B=0, K=0, C0= 1.
Increments A.
Question 4 |
The number of full and half-adders required to add 16-bit numbers is
8 half-adders, 8 full-adders | |
1 half-adder, 15 full-adders | |
16 half-adders, 0 full-adders | |
4 half-adders, 12 full-adders |
But for rest of bits we need full address since carry from previous addition has to be included into the addition operation.
So, in total 1 half adder and 15 full adders are required.