Consider the grammar given below:

S → Aa
A → BD
B → b | ε
D → d | ε

Let a, b, d and $ be indexed as follows:

Compute the FOLLOW set of the non-terminal B and write the index values for the symbols in the FOLLOW set in the descending order. (For example, if the FOLLOW set is {a, b, d, $}, then the answer should be 3210)

Which one of the following kinds of derivation is used by LR parsers?

Consider the augmented grammar given below:

    S' → S
    S → 〈L〉 | id
    L → L,S | S

Let I₀ = CLOSURE ({[S' → ·S]}). The number of items in the set GOTO (I₀ , 〈 ) is: _____.

Consider the following grammar and the semantic actions to support the inheritance type declaration attributes. Let X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, X₅ and X₆ be the placeholders for the non-terminals D, T, L or L₁ in the following table:

Which one of the following are the appropriate choices for X₁, X₂, X₃ and X₄?

Which one of the following statements is FALSE?

Consider the following parse tree for the expression a#b$c$d#e#f, involving two binary operators $ and #.

Which one of the following is correct for the given parse tree?

A lexical analyzer uses the following patterns to recognize three tokens T₁, T₂, and T₃ over the alphabet {a,b,c}.

T₁: a?(b∣c)*a
T₂: b?(a∣c)*b
T₃: c?(b∣a)*c

Note that ‘x?’ means 0 or 1 occurrence of the symbol x. Note also that the analyzer outputs the token that matches the longest possible prefix.

If the string bbaacabc is processes by the analyzer, which one of the following is the sequence of tokens it outputs?

Consider the following intermediate program in three address code

           p = a - b
           q = p * c
           p = u * v
           q = p + q

Which of the following corresponds to a static single assignment form of the above code?

Consider the following grammar:

What is FOLLOW(Q)?

Consider the following grammar:

    stmt    →  if expr then expr else expr; stmt | ȯ
    expr    →  term relop term | term
    term    →  id | number
    id      →  a | b |  c
    number  → [0-9]

where relop is a relational operator (e.g., <, >, …), ȯ refers to the empty statement, and if, then, else are terminals.

Consider a program P following the above grammar containing ten if terminals. The number of control flow paths in P is ________. For example, the program

     if e1 then e2 else e3

has 2 control flow paths, e₁ → e₂ and e₁ → e₃.

Consider the expression (a-1)*(((b+c)/3)+d)). Let X be the minimum number of registers required by an optimal code generation (without any register spill) algorithm for a load/store architecture, in which (i) only load and store instructions can have memory operands and (ii) arithmetic instructions can have only register or immediate operands. The value of X is ___________.

Match the following according to input (from the left column) to the compiler phase (in the right column) that processes it:

Which of the following statements about parser is/are CORRECT?

I. Canonical LR is more powerful than SLR.
II. SLR is more powerful than LALR.
III. SLR is more powerful than Canonical LR.

Consider the following expression grammar G:

E → E - T | T
T → T + F | F
F → (E) | id

Which of the following grammars is not left recursive, but is equivalent to G?

Consider the following code segment.

x = u - t;
y = x * v;
x = y + w;
y = t - z;
y = x * y;

The minimum number of  variables required to convert the above code segment to static single assignment form is ________.

The attributes of three arithmetic operators in some programming language are given below.

Operator      Precedence     Associativity     Arity 
   +             High            Left          Binary
   −            Medium           Right         Binary
   ∗             Low             Left          Binary

The value of the expression 2 – 5 + 1 – 7 * 3 in this language is __________.

Consider the following Syntax Directed Translation Scheme (SDTS), with non-terminals {S, A} and terminals {a,b}.

  S → aA   { print 1 }
  S → a    { print 2 }
  A → Sb   { print 3 }

Using the above SDTS, the output printed by a bottom-up parser, for the input aab is:

Match the following:

(P) Lexical analysis              (i) Leftmost derivation
(Q) Top down parsing             (ii) Type checking
(R) Semantic analysis           (iii) Regular expressions
(S) Runtime environments         (iv) Activation records

Which one of the following grammars is free from left recursion?

Which one of the following is True at any valid state in shift-reduce parsing?

The least number of temporary variables required to create a three-address code in static single assignment form for the expression q + r/3 + s – t * 5 + u * v/w is _________.

Let a_n represent the number of bit strings of length n containing two consecutive 1s. What is the recurrence relation for a_n?

A variable x is said to be live at a statement S_i in a program if the following three conditions hold simultaneously:

i. There exists a statement S_j that uses x
ii. There is a path from S_i to S_j in the flow graph corresponding to the program
iii. The path has no intervening assignment to x including at S_i and S_j

The variables which are live both at the statement in basic block 2 and at the statement in basic block 3 of the above control flow graph are

In the context of abstract-syntax-tree (AST) and control-flow-graph (CFG), which one of the following is TRUE?

Match the following:

(P) Lexical analysis       (1) Graph coloring
(Q) Parsing                (2) DFA minimization
(R) Register allocation    (3) Post-order traversal
(S) Expression evaluation  (4) Production tree

Consider the intermediate code given below.

1. i = 1
2. j = 1
3. t1 = 5 * i
4. t2 = t1 + j
5. t3 = 4 * t2
6. t4 = t3
7. a[t4] = –1
8. j = j + 1
9. if j <= 5 goto(3)
10. i = i + 1
11. if i < 5 goto(2)

The number of nodes and edges in the control-flow-graph constructed for the above code, respectively, are

Among simple LR (SLR), canonical LR, and look-ahead LR (LALR), which of the following pairs identify the method that is very easy to implement and the method that is the most powerful, in that order?

Consider the following grammar G.

  S → F ⎪ H
  F → p ⎪ c
  H → d ⎪ c

Where S, F and H are non-terminal symbols, p, d and c are terminal symbols. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

S1: LL(1) can parse all strings that are generated using grammar G.
S2: LR(1) can parse all strings that are generated using grammar

Which one of the following is FALSE?

A canonical set of items is given below

S --> L. > R
Q --> R.

On input symbol < the set has

Let L be a language and L' be its complement. Which one of the following is NOT a viable possibility?

Which of the regular expressions given below represent the following DFA?

I) 0*1(1+00*1)*
II) 0*1*1+11*0*1
III) (0+1)*1

Consider the grammar defined by the following production rules, with two operators ∗ and +

    S --> T * P 
    T --> U | T * U
    P --> Q + P | Q
    Q --> Id
    U --> Id

Which one of the following is TRUE?

Which one of the following is NOT performed during compilation?

For a C program accessing X[i][j][k], the following intermediate code is generated by a compiler. Assume that the size of an integer is 32 bits and the size of a character is 8 bits.

  t0 = i ∗ 1024
  t1 = j ∗ 32
  t2 = k ∗ 4
  t3 = t1 + t0
  t4 = t3 + t2
  t5 = X[t4]

Which one of the following statements about the source code for the C program is CORRECT?

Consider the expression tree shown. Each leaf represents a numerical value, which can either be 0 or 1. Over all possible choices of the values at the leaves, the maximum possible value of the expression represented by the tree is _______.

One of the purposes of using intermediate code in compilers is to

Which of the following statements are CORRECT?

1) Static allocation of all data areas by a compiler makes it impossible to implement recursion.
2) Automatic garbage collection is essential to implement recursion.
3) Dynamic allocation of activation records is essential to implement recursion.
4) Both heap and stack are essential to implement recursion.

A system uses 3 page frames for storing process pages in main memory. It uses the Least Recently Used (LRU) page replacement policy. Assume that all the page frames are initially empty. What is the total number of page faults that will occur while processing the page reference string given below?

4, 7, 6, 1, 7, 6, 1, 2, 7, 2

Consider the following two sets of LR(1) items of an LR(1) grammar.

X -> c.X, c/d
   X -> .cX, c/d
   X -> .d, c/d
   X -> c.X, $
   X -> .cX, $
   X -> .d, $

Which of the following statements related to merging of the two sets in the corresponding LALR parser is/are FALSE?

1. Cannot be merged since look aheads are different.
2. Can be merged but will result in S-R conflict.
3. Can be merged but will result in R-R conflict.
4. Cannot be merged since goto on c will lead to two different sets.

Consider the program given below, in a block-structured pseudo-language with lexical scoping and nesting of procedures permitted.

Program main;
  Var ...
  
    Procedure A1;
     Var ...
     Call A2;
    End A1
    
    Procedure A2;
      Var ...
  
      Procedure A21;
        Var ...
        Call A1;
        End A21
        
    Call A21;
  End A21
  
    Call A1;
  End main.

Consider the calling chain : Main->A1->A2->A21->A1 The correct set of activation records along with their access links is given by:

For the grammar below, a partial LL(1) parsing table is also presented along with the grammar. Entries that need to be filled are indicated as E1, E2, and E3. ε is the empty string, $ indicates end of input, and, | separates alternate right hand sides of productions.

S → aAbB | bAaB | ε
A → S
B → S

The FIRST and FOLLOW sets for the non-terminals A and B are

For the grammar below, a partial LL(1) parsing table is also presented along with the grammar. Entries that need to be filled are indicated as E1, E2, and E3. ε is the empty string, $ indicates end of input, and, | separates alternate right hand sides of productions.

S → aAbB | bAaB | ε
A → S
B → S

The appropriate entries for E1, E2, and E3 are

The lexical analysis for a modern computer language such as Java needs the power of which one of the following machine models in a necessary and sufficient sense?

In a compiler, keywords of a language are recognized during

Consider two binary operators ‘↑’ and ‘↓’ with the precedence of operator ↓ being lower than that of the operator ↑. Operator ↑ is right associative while operator ↓, is left associative. Which one of the following represents the parse tree for expression (7↓3↑4↑3↓2)?

Consider evaluating the following expression tree on a machine with load-store architecture in which memory can be accessed only through load and store instructions. The variables a, b, c, d and e initially stored in memory. The binary operators used in this expression tree can be evaluate by the machine only when the operands are in registers. The instructions produce results only in a register. If no intermediate results can be stored in memory, what is the minimum number of registers needed to evaluate this expression?

Which data structure in a compiler is used for managing information about variables and their attributes?

Which languages necessarily need heap allocation in the runtime environment?

The program below uses six temporary variables a, b, c, d, e, f.

 
    a = 1
    b = 10
    c = 20
    d = a+b
    e = c+d
    f = c+e
    b = c+e
    e = b+f
    d = 5+e
    return d+f

Assuming that all operations take their operands from registers, what is the minimum number of registers needed to execute this program without spilling?

The grammar S → aSa|bS|c is

Match all items in Group 1 with correct options from those given in Group 2

       Group 1                     Group 2
P. Regular expression        1. Syntax analysis
Q. Pushdown automata         2. Code generation
R. Dataflow analysis         3. Lexical analysis
S. Register allocation       4. Code optimization

Which of the following statements are TRUE?

I.There exist parsing algorithms for some programming languages whose complexities are less than θ(n³).
II.A programming language which allows recursion can be implemented with static storage.
III.No L-attributed definition can be evaluated in the framework of bottom-up parsing.
IV.Code improving transformations can be performed at both source language and intermediate code level.

Which of the following describes a handle (as applicable to LR-parsing) appropriately?

Some code optimizations are carried out on the intermediate code because

Which of the following are true?

I. A programming language which does not permit global variables of any kind and has no nesting of procedures/functions, but permits recursion can be implemented with static storage allocation
II. Multi-level access link (or display) arrangement is needed to arrange activation records only if the programming language being implemented has nesting of procedures/functions
III. Recursion in programming languages cannot be implemented with dynamic storage allocation
IV. Nesting procedures/functions and recursion require a dynamic heap allocation scheme and cannot be implemented with a stack-based allocation scheme for activation records
V.Programming languages which permit a function to return a function as its result cannot be implemented with a stack-based storage allocation scheme for activation records

An LALR(1) parser for a grammar G can have shift-reduce (S-R) conflicts if and only if

Which one of the following is a top-down parser?

Consider the grammar with non-terminals N = {S,C,S₁},terminals T = {a,b,i,t,e}, with S as the start symbol, and the following set of rules:

      S --> iCtSS1|a
      S1 --> eS|ϵ
      C --> b

The grammar is NOT LL(1) because:

Consider the following two statements:

P: Every regular grammar is LL(1)
Q: Every regular set has a LR(1) grammar

Which of the following is TRUE?

Consider the CFG with {S,A,B} as the non-terminal alphabet, {a,b} as the terminal alphabet, S as the start symbol and the following set of production rules:

S → aB        S → bA
B → b         A → a
B → bS        A → aS
B → aBB       A → bAA

Which of the following strings is generated by the grammar?

Consider the CFG with {S,A,B} as the non-terminal alphabet, {a,b} as the terminal alphabet, S as the start symbol and the following set of production rules:

S → aB        S → bA
B → b         A → a
B → bS        A → aS
B → aBB       A → bAA

For the correct answer strings to Q.78, how many derivation trees are there?

Consider the following grammar.

   S → S * E
   S → E
   E → F + E
   E → F
   F → id 

Consider the following LR(0) items corresponding to the grammar above.

(i) S → S * .E
(ii) E → F. + E
(iii) E → F + .E 

Given the items above, which two of them will appear in the same set in the canonical sets-of-items for the grammar?

Consider these two functions and two statements S1 and S2 about them

int work1(int *a, int i, int j)          int work2(int *a, int i, int j)
{                                          {      
    int x = a[i+2];                            int t1 = i+2;
    a[j] = x+1;                                int t2 = a[t1]; 
    return a[i+2] – 3;                         a[j] = t2+1;
}                                              return t2 – 3; 
                                           } 

S1: The transformation form work1 to work2 is valid, i.e., for any program state and input arguments, work2 will compute the same output and have the same effect on program state as work1
S2: All the transformations applied to work1 to get work2 will always improve the performance (i.e reduce CPU time) of work2 compared to work1

Consider the following grammar:

   S → FR
   R → S | ε
   F → id

In the predictive parser table, M, of the grammar the entries M[S,id] and M[R,$] respectively.

Consider the following translation scheme.

   S → ER 
   R → *E{print("*");}R|ε 
   E → F + E {print("+");}|F 
   F → (S)|id {print(id.value);} 

Here id is a token that represents an integer and id.value represents the corresponding integer value. For an input '2 * 3 + 4', this translation scheme prints

Consider the following C code segment.

for (i = 0, i < n; i++)  
{
    for (j = 0; j < n; j++)   
    {
        if (i%2)  
        {
            x += (4*j + 5*i);
            y += (7 + 4*j);
        }
    }
}

Which one of the following is false?

The grammar A → AA | (A) | ε is not suitable for predictive-parsing because the grammar is:

Consider the grammar:

  E → E + n | E × n | n 

For a sentence n + n × n, the handles in the right-sentential form of the reduction are:

Consider the grammar:

   S → (S) | a 

Let the number of states in SLR(1), LR(1) and LALR(1) parsers for the grammar be n₁, n₂ and n₃ respectively. The following relationship holds good:

Consider line number 3 of the following C-program.

int main ( ) {                   /* Line 1 */
  int I, N;                      /* Line 2 */
  fro (I = 0, I < N, I++);       /* Line 3 */
} 

Identify the compiler's response about this line while creating the object-module:

Consider the following expression grammar. The seman­tic rules for expression calculation are stated next to each grammar production.

E → number 	 E.val = number. val
    |E '+' E 	 E(1).val = E(2).val + E>sup>(3).val
    |E '×' E	 E(1).val = E(2).val × E(3).val

The above grammar and the semantic rules are fed to a yacc tool (which is an LALR(1) parser generator) for parsing and evaluating arithmetic expressions. Which one of the following is true about the action of yacc for the given grammar?

Consider the following expression grammar. The seman­tic rules for expression calculation are stated next to each grammar production.

E → number 	 E.val = number. val
    |E '+' E 	 E(1).val = E(2).val + E>sup>(3).val
    |E '×' E	 E(1).val = E(2).val × E(3).val

Assume the conflicts in Part (a) of this question are resolved and an LALR(1) parser is generated for parsing arithmetic expressions as per the given grammar. Consider an expression 3 × 2 + 1. What precedence and associativity properties does the generated parser realize?

Which of the following grammar rules violate the requirements of an operator grammar? P,Q,R are nonterminals, and r,s,t are terminals.

(i) P → Q R
(ii) P → Q s R
(iii) P → ε
(iv) P → Q t R r

Consider a program P that consists of two source modules M₁ and M₂ contained in two different files. If M₁ contains a reference to a function defined in M₂, the reference will be resolved at

Consider the grammar rule E → E₁ - E₂ for arithmetic expressions. The code generated is targeted to a CPU having a single user register. The subtraction operation requires the first operand to be in the register. If E₁ and E₂ do not have any common sub expression, in order to get the shortest possible code

Consider the grammar with the following translation rules and E as the start symbol.

E → E1 # T     {E.value = E1.value * T.value}
    |    T     {E.value = T.value}
T → T1 & F     {T.value = T1.value + F.value}
    |    F     {T.value = F.value}
F → num        {F.value = num.value}  

Compute E.value for the root of the parse tree for the expression: 2 # 3 & 5 # 6 & 4.

Consider the following grammar G:

S → bS| aA| b
A → bA| aB
B → bB| aS |a 

Let N_a(w) and N_b(w) denote the number of a's and b's in a string w respectively. The language L(G) ⊆ {a, b}⁺ generated by G is

Which of the following suffices to convert an arbitrary CFG to an LL(1) grammar?

Assume that the SLR parser for a grammar G has n₁ states and the LALR parser for G has n₂ states. The relationship between n₁ and n₂ is:

In a bottom-up evaluation of a syntax directed definition, inherited attributes can

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Consider the grammar shown below

S → i E t S S' | a
S' → e S | ε
E → b 

In the predictive parse table. M, of this grammar, the entries M[S', e] and M[S', $] respectively are

Consider the grammar shown below.

S → C C
C → c C | d

The grammar is

Consider the translation scheme shown below.

S → T R
R → + T {print ('+');} R|ε
T → num {print(num.val);}

Here num is a token that represents an integer and num.val represents the corresponding integer value. For an input string '9 + 5 + 2', this translation scheme will print

Consider the syntax directed definition shown below.

S → id := E           {gen (id.place = E.place;);}
E → E1 + E2           {t = newtemp ( ); 
                      gen(t = E1.place + E2.place;); 
                      E.place = t}
E → id                {E.place = id.place;}

Here, gen is a function that generates the output code, and newtemp is a function that returns the name of a new temporary variable on every call. Assume that ti's are the temporary variable names generated by newtemp. For the statement 'X: = Y + Z', the 3-address code sequence generated by this definition is

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using shared, dynamically linked libraries as opposed to using statically linked libraries?

(a) Construct all the parse trees corresponding to i + j * k for the grammar

      E → E+E
      E → E*E
      E → id  

(b) In this grammar, what is the precedence of the two operators * and +?
(c) If only one parse tree is desired for any string in the same language, what changes are to be made so that the resulting LALR(1) grammar is non-ambiguous?

The process of assigning load addresses to the various parts of the program and adjusting the code and date in the program to reflect the assigned addresses is called

Which of the following statements is false?

Consider the following grammar with terminal alphabet ∑{a,(,),+,*} and start symbol E. The production rules of the grammar are:

              E → aA
              E → (E)
              A → +E
              A → *E
              A → ε 

(a) Compute the FIRST and FOLLOW sets for E and A.
(b) Complete the LL(1) parse table for the grammar.

The syntax of the repeat-until statement is given by the gollowing grammar

   S → repeat S1 until E  

Where E stands for expressions, S and S₁ stand for statement. The non-terminals S and S₁ have an attribute code that represents generated code. The nonterminal E has two attributes. The attribute code represents generated code to evaluate the expression and store its truth value in a distinct variable, and the attribute varName contains the name of the variable in which the truth value is stored? The truth-value stored in the variable is 1 if E is true, 0 if E is false.

Give a syntax-directed definition to generate three-address code for the repeatuntil statement. Assume that you can call a function newlabel( ) that returns a distinct label for a statement. Use the operator ‘\\’ to concatenate two strings and the function gen(s) to generate a line containing the string s.

(a) Remove left-recursion from the following grammar:

    S → Sa| Sb | a | b 

(b) Consider the following grammar:

    S → aSbS| bSaS |ε  

Construct all possible parse trees for the string abab. Is the grammar ambiguous?

The number of tokens in the following C statement.

printf("i = %d, &i = %x", i, &i); 

is

Which of the following derivations does a top-down parser use while parsing an input string? The input is assumed to be scanned in left to right order.

Given the following expression grammar:

    E → E * F | F + E | F
    F → F - F | id  

which of the following is true?

Consider the syntax directed translation scheme (SDTS) given in the following.
Assume attribute evaluation with bottom-up parsing, i.e., attributes are evaluated immediately after a reduction.

 E → E1 * T {E.val = E1.val * T.val}
 E → T {E.val = T.val}
 T → F – T1{T.val = F.val – T1.val}
 T → F {T.val = F.val}
 F → 2 {F.val = 2}
 F → 4 {F.val = 4} 

(a) Using this SDTS, construct a parse tree for the expression
4 – 2 – 4 * 2
and also compute its E.val.

(b) It is required to compute the total number of reductions performed to parse a given input. Using synthesized attributes only, modify the SDTS given, without changing the grammar, to find E.red, the number of reductions performed while reducing an input to E.

Which of the following is the most powerful parsing method?

The number of tokens in the Fortran statement DO 10 I = 1.25 is

In a resident – OS computer, which of the following systems must reside in the main memory under all situations?

Which of the following statements is true?

Type checking is normally done during

In the following grammar

         X ::= X ⊕ Y/Y
         Y ::= Z * Y/Z
         Z ::= id  

Which of the following is true?

A language L allows declaration of arrays whose sizes are not known during compilation. It is required to make efficient use of memory. Which of the following is true?

The conditional expansion facility of macro processor is provided to

Heap allocation is required for languages

The pass number for each of the following activities

1. Object code generation
2. Literals added to literal table
3. Listing printed
4. Address resolution of local symbols

That occur in a two pass assembler respectively are

Which of the following macros can put a micro assembler into an infinite loop?

(i)  .MACRO M1 X
     .IF EQ, X      ;if X=0 then
      M1 X + 1
     .ENDC
     .IF NE X       ;IF X≠0 then
     .WORD X        ;address (X) is stored here
     .ENDC
     .ENDM
(ii) .MACRO M2 X
     .IF EQ X
      M2 X
     .ENDC
     .IF NE, X
     .WORD X+1
     .ENDC
     .ENDM 

A linker is given object modules for a set of programs that were compiled separately. What information need to be included in an object module?

A shift reduce parser carries out the actions specified within braces immediately after reducing with the corresponding rule of grammar

S → xxW {print "1"}
S → y {print "2"}
W → Sz {print "3"} 

What is the translation of xxxxyzz using the syntax directed translation scheme described by the above rules?

Generation of intermediate code based on an abstract machine model is useful in compilers because

Match the following items

Consider the following grammar.

     S → aSB|d
     B → b 

The number of reduction steps taken by a bottom-up parser while accepting the string aaadbbb is _______.

Consider the following statements.

I. Symbol table is accessed only during lexical analysis and syntax analysis.
II. Compilers for programming languages that support recursion necessarily need heap storage for memory allocation in the run-time environment.
III. Errors violating the condition ‘any variable must be declared before its use’ are detected during syntax analysis.

Which of the above statements is/are TRUE?

Consider the productions A⟶PQ and A⟶XY. Each of the five non-terminals A, P, Q, X, and Y has two attributes: s is a synthesized attribute, and i is an inherited attribute. Consider the following rules.

    Rule 1: P.i = A.i + 2, Q.i = P.i + A.i, and A.s = P.s + Q.s
    Rule 2: X.i = A.i + Y.s and Y.i = X.s + A.i 

Which one of the following is TRUE?

For the program segment given below, which of the following are true?

 program main (output);
 type link = ^data;
      data = record
         d : real;
         n : link
         end;
 var ptr : link;
 begin
    new (ptr);
    ptr:=nil;
    .ptr^.d:=5.2;
    write ln(ptr)
 end. 

A part of the system software, which under all circumstances must reside in the main memory, is:

Consider the SLR(1) and LALR (1) parsing tables for a context free grammar. Which of the following statements is/are true?

The arithmetic expression : (a + b) * c - d / e * * f is to be evaluated on a two-address machine, where each operands, the number of registers required to evaluate this expression is ______. The number of memory access of operand is __________.

A given set of processes can be implemented by using only parbegin/parend statement, if the precedence graph of these processes is ________

Choose the correct alternatives (more than one may be correct) and write the corresponding letters only: A “link editor” is a program that:

Choose the correct alternatives (more than one may be correct) and write the corresponding letters only: Indicate all the true statements from the following:

Match the pairs in the following questions:

(a) Pointer data type       (p) Type conversion
(b) Activation record       (q) Dynamic data structure
(c) Repeat-until            (r) Recursion
(d) Coercion                (s) Non-deterministic loop

Match the pairs in the following questions:

(a) Lexical analysis         (p) DAG's
(b) Code optimization        (q) Syntax trees
(c) Code generation          (r) Push down automaton
(d) Abelian groups           (s) Finite automaton

Merging states with a common core may produce __________ conflicts and does not produce ___________ conflicts in an LALR purser.

In a compiler the module the checks every character of the source text is called:

An operator precedence parser is a

Using longer identifiers in a program will necessarily lead to:

Consider an ambiguous grammar G and its disambiguated version D. Let the language recognized by the two grammars be denoted by L(G) and L(D) respectively. Which one of the following is true ?

A bottom-up parser generates :