Regular-Language

Question 1

Let Σ = {0,1}, L = Σ* and R = {0n1n such that n >0} then the languages L ∪ R and R are respectively

A
regular, regular
B
not regular, regular
C
regular, not regular
D
not regular, no regular
Question 1 Explanation: 
L∪R is nothing but L itself. Because R is subset of L and hence regular. R is deterministic context free but not regular as we require a stack to keep the count of 0's to make that of 1's.
Question 2

Which of the following definitions below generates the same language as L, where L = {xnyn such that n >= 1}?

 I. E → xEy|xy
 II. xy|(x+xyy+)
 III. x+y+ 
A
I only
B
I and II
C
II and III
D
II only
Question 2 Explanation: 
(I) is the correct definition and the other two is wrong because the other two can have any no. of x and y. There is no such restriction over the number of both being equal.
Question 3

Consider the following statements.

    I. If L1 ∪ L2 is regular, then both L1 and L2 must be regular.
    II. The class of regular languages is closed under infinite union.

Which of the above statements is/are TRUE?

A
Both I and II
B
II only
C
Neither I nor II
D
I only
Question 3 Explanation: 
Statement I is wrong.
Assume L1 = {an bn | n>0} and L2 = complement of L1
L1 and L2 both are DCFL but not regular, but L1 U L2 = (a+b)* which is regular.
Hence even though L1 U L2 is regular, L1 and L2 need not be always regular.
Statement II is wrong.
Assume the following finite (hence regular) languages.
L1 = {ab}
L2 = {aabb}
L3 = {aaabbb}
.
.
.
L100 = {a100 b100}
.
.
.
If we take infinite union of all above languages i.e,
{L1 U L2 U ……….L100 U ……}
then we will get a new language L = {an bn | n>0}, which is not regular.
Hence regular languages are not closed under infinite UNION.
Question 4

For Σ = {a,b}, let us consider the regular language L = {x|x = a2+3k or x = b10+12k, k ≥ 0}. Which one of the following can be a pumping length (the constant guaranteed by the pumping lemma) for L?

A
3
B
9
C
5
D
24
Question 4 Explanation: 
Pumping Lemma for Regular Languages:
For any language L, there exists an integer n, such that for all x ∈ L with |x| ≥ n, there exists u,v, w ∈ Σ*, such that x = uvw, and
(1) |uv| ≤ n
(2) |v| ≥ 1
(3) for all i ≥ 0: uviw ∈ L
We have to find "n" which satisfies for all the strings in L.
Considering strings derived by b10+12k.
The minimum string in L = "bbbbbbbbbb" but this string b10 cannot be broken in uvw.
So, pumping length 3, 9 and 5 cannot be the correct answer.
So, the minimum pumping length, such that any string in L can be divided into three parts "uvw" must be greater than 10.
Question 5

If L is a regular language over Σ = {a,b}, which one of the following languages is NOT regular?

A
Suffix (L) = {y ∈ Σ* such that xy ∈ L}
B
{wwR │w ∈ L}
C
Prefix (L) = {x ∈ Σ*│∃y ∈ Σ* such that xy ∈ L}
D
L ∙ LR = {xy │ x ∈ L, yR ∈ L}
Question 5 Explanation: 
wwR cannot be recognized without using stack, so it cannot be regular.
Question 6

Which of the following statements is false?

A
Every finite subset of a non-regular set is regular
B
Every subset of a regular set is regular
C
Every finite subset of a regular set is regular
D
The intersection of two regular sets is regular
Question 6 Explanation: 
Let regular language L = a*b* and subset of L is anbn, n ≥ 0, which is not regular. Hence option (B) is false.
Question 7

(a) Given that A is regular and A∪B is regular, does it follow that B is necessarily regular? Justify your answer.
(b) Given two finite automata M1, M2, outline an algorithm to decide if L(M1)⊆L(M2). (note: strict subset)

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 8

Consider the following languages:

    L1 = {ww|w ∈ {a,b}*}
    L2 = {wwR|w ∈ {a,b}*, wR is the reverse of w}
    L3 = {02i|i is an integer}
    L3 = {0i2|i is an integer}

Which of the languages are regular?

A
Only L1 and L2
B
Only L2, L3 and L4
C
Only L3 and L4
D
Only L3
Question 8 Explanation: 
L1 = {ww|w∈{a,b}*}
⇒ This is not regular language. We can't be able to identify where the 'w' will ends and where the next 'w' starts.
L2 = {wwR|w∈{a,b}*, wR is the reverse of w}
⇒ This also not a regular language. We can't identify where 'w' ends.
L4 = {0i2|i is an integer}
= {0i*0i|i is an integer}
⇒ This is also not a regular language. We can't identify where 0i ends.
L3 = {02i|i is an integer}
⇒ This is regular. We can easily find whether a string is even or not.
Question 9

Consider the following two statements:

    S1: {02n|n≥1|} is a regular language
    S2: {0m1n0m+n|m≥1 and n≥1|} is a regular language

Which of the following statements is correct?

A
Only S1 is correct
B
Only S2 is correct
C
Both S1 and S2 are correct
D
None of S1 and S2 is correct
Question 9 Explanation: 
For S1 we can construct DFA. S1 represents the string contains even no. of 0's. So S1 is regular.
For S2, DFA is not possible which is not regular.
Question 10
  • Consider the following two statements about regular languages:
    S1: Every infinite regular language contains an undecidable language as a subset.
    S2: Every finite language is regular.
    Which one of the following choices is correct.?
A
Only S2is true.
B
Both S1and S2are true.
C
Only S1is true.
D
Neither S1nor S2is true.
Question 10 Explanation: 
  • S1 is true. We can solve this intuitively.

    Suppose L=(a+b)*  i.e, sigma* 

    We know that this is a regular language and any language is subset of this language.

     

    As we know so many undecidable languages (not recursive languages) exist, hence S1 is true.

    Take another example:

     

    L=a* which is regular and infinite.

    Take its subset L1=an | n> 0 and n is a set such that it cannot be generated by any algorithm

     

    I.e, n is a set of natural numbers which does not have any algorithm which can generate this

     

    So  L1 is a undecidable language.

     

    L2 is true as every finite language is regular.

Question 11

Consider the context-free grammar

E → E + E 
E → (E * E) 
E → id 
where E is the starting symbol, the set of terminals is {id, (,+,),*}, and the set of nonterminals is {E}.
Which of the following terminal strings has more than one parse tree when parsed according to the above grammar?

A
id + id + id + id
B
id + (id* (id * id))
C
(id* (id * id)) + id
D
((id * id + id) * id)
Question 11 Explanation: 
Let's draw more than one possible tree for id + id + id + id.
Question 12

Consider the non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA) shown in the figure.

State X is the starting state of the automaton. Let the language accepted by the NFA with Y as the only accepting state be L1. Similarly, let the language accepted by the NFA with Z as the only accepting state be L2. Which of the following statements about L1 and L2 is TRUE? Correction in Question: There is an edge from Z->Y labeled 0 and another edge from Y->Z labeled 1 - in place of double arrowed and no arrowed edges.

A
L1 = L2
B
L1 ⊂ L2
C
L2 ⊂ L1
D
None of the above
Question 12 Explanation: 
Based on Arden's theorem write the Y and Z in terms of incoming arrows,
Y = X0 + Y0 + Z1
Z = X0 + Y0 + Z;
⇒ X = Z;
⇒ L1 = L2
Question 13

The language {0n 1n 2n | 1 ≤ n ≤ 106} is

A
regular
B
context-free but not regular
C
context-free but its complement is not context-free
D
not context-free
Question 13 Explanation: 
In this the value of n is finite then we can be able to construct a finite state automata for this language.
So, given language is regular.
Question 14

Let L be a regular language and M be a context-free language, both over the alphabet Σ. Let Lc and Mc denote the complements of L and M respectively. Which of the following statements about the language if Lc ∪ Mc is TRUE?

A
It is necessarily regular but not necessarily context-free.
B
It is necessarily context-free.
C
It is necessarily non-regular.
D
None of the above.
Question 14 Explanation: 
Context-free languages not closed under complementation. So, Lc ∪ Mc is neither regular nor context-free. It might be context sensitive language.
Question 15

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the regular expression 01*0?

A
It represents a finite set of finite strings.
B
It represents an infinite set of finite strings.
C
It represents a finite set of infinite strings.
D
It represents an infinite set of infinite strings.
Question 15 Explanation: 
The given expression 01*0 is regular. So this is a finite string. So options C and D are false and * is placed. So this is infinite set.
So, given regular expression represents an infinite set of finite strings.
Question 16

Let L be a regular language. Consider the constructions on L below:
I. repeat (L) = {ww | w ∊ L}
II. prefix (L) = {u | ∃v : uv ∊ L}
III. suffix (L) = {v | ∃u : uv ∊ L}
IV. half (L) = {u | ∃v : | v | = | u | and uv ∊ L}
Which of the constructions could lead to a non-regular language?

A
Both I and IV
B
Only I
C
Only IV
D
Both II and III
Question 16 Explanation: 
Repeat(L) = {ww|w ∈ L} is non-regular language.
Half (L), Suffix (L) and Prefix (L) are regular languages.
Question 17

Let L be a regular language. Consider the constructions on L below:
(I) repeat (L) = {ww | w ∊ L}
(II) prefix (L) = {u | ∃v : uv ∊ L}
(III) suffix (L) = {v | ∃u uv ∊ L}
(IV) half (L) = {u | ∃v : | v | = | u | and uv ∊ L}
Which choice of L is best suited to support your answer above?

A
(a + b)*
B
{ϵ, a, ab, bab}
C
(ab)*
D
{anbn | n ≥ 0}
Question 17 Explanation: 
A counter example which proves all the conclusions of the last question in one go should have the following properties:
1) L should be regular due to demand of question.
2) L should be an infinite set of strings.
3) L should have more than one alphabet in its grammar, otherwise repeat(L) would be regular.
∴ (a + b)* is the perfect example to support the conclusions of last questions.
Question 18

Which of the following statements about regular languages is NOT true?

A
Every language has a regular superset
B
Every language has a regular subset
C
Every subset of a regular language is regular
D
Every subset of a finite language is regular
Question 18 Explanation: 
Regular languages are not closed under subset.
Question 19

Regularity is preserved under the operation of string reversal.

A
True
B
False
Question 19 Explanation: 
Regular language is closed under reversal.
Question 20

All subsets of regular sets are regular.

A
True
B
False
Question 20 Explanation: 
a*b* is regular but its subset anbn is not regular.
There are 20 questions to complete.

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