Regular-Language
Question 1 |
Let Σ = {0,1}, L = Σ* and R = {0n1n such that n >0} then the languages L ∪ R and R are respectively
regular, regular | |
not regular, regular | |
regular, not regular | |
not regular, no regular |
Question 2 |
Which of the following definitions below generates the same language as L, where L = {xnyn such that n >= 1}?
I. E → xEy|xy II. xy|(x+xyy+) III. x+y+
I only | |
I and II | |
II and III | |
II only |
Question 3 |
Consider the following statements.
- I. If L1 ∪ L2 is regular, then both L1 and L2 must be regular.
II. The class of regular languages is closed under infinite union.
Which of the above statements is/are TRUE?
Both I and II
| |
II only | |
Neither I nor II | |
I only
|
Assume L1 = {an bn | n>0} and L2 = complement of L1
L1 and L2 both are DCFL but not regular, but L1 U L2 = (a+b)* which is regular.
Hence even though L1 U L2 is regular, L1 and L2 need not be always regular.
Statement II is wrong.
Assume the following finite (hence regular) languages.
L1 = {ab}
L2 = {aabb}
L3 = {aaabbb}
.
.
.
L100 = {a100 b100}
.
.
.
If we take infinite union of all above languages i.e,
{L1 U L2 U ……….L100 U ……}
then we will get a new language L = {an bn | n>0}, which is not regular.
Hence regular languages are not closed under infinite UNION.
Question 4 |
For Σ = {a,b}, let us consider the regular language L = {x|x = a2+3k or x = b10+12k, k ≥ 0}. Which one of the following can be a pumping length (the constant guaranteed by the pumping lemma) for L?
3 | |
9 | |
5 | |
24 |
For any language L, there exists an integer n, such that for all x ∈ L with |x| ≥ n, there exists u,v, w ∈ Σ*, such that x = uvw, and
(1) |uv| ≤ n
(2) |v| ≥ 1
(3) for all i ≥ 0: uviw ∈ L
We have to find "n" which satisfies for all the strings in L.
Considering strings derived by b10+12k.
The minimum string in L = "bbbbbbbbbb" but this string b10 cannot be broken in uvw.
So, pumping length 3, 9 and 5 cannot be the correct answer.
So, the minimum pumping length, such that any string in L can be divided into three parts "uvw" must be greater than 10.
Question 5 |
If L is a regular language over Σ = {a,b}, which one of the following languages is NOT regular?
Suffix (L) = {y ∈ Σ* such that xy ∈ L} | |
{wwR │w ∈ L} | |
Prefix (L) = {x ∈ Σ*│∃y ∈ Σ* such that xy ∈ L} | |
L ∙ LR = {xy │ x ∈ L, yR ∈ L} |
Question 6 |
Which of the following statements is false?
Every finite subset of a non-regular set is regular | |
Every subset of a regular set is regular | |
Every finite subset of a regular set is regular | |
The intersection of two regular sets is regular |
Question 7 |
(a) Given that A is regular and A∪B is regular, does it follow that B is necessarily regular? Justify your answer.
(b) Given two finite automata M1, M2, outline an algorithm to decide if L(M1)⊆L(M2). (note: strict subset)
Theory Explanation. |
Question 8 |
Consider the following languages:
- L1 = {ww|w ∈ {a,b}*}
L2 = {wwR|w ∈ {a,b}*, wR is the reverse of w}
L3 = {02i|i is an integer}
L3 = {0i2|i is an integer}
Which of the languages are regular?
Only L1 and L2 | |
Only L2, L3 and L4 | |
Only L3 and L4 | |
Only L3 |
⇒ This is not regular language. We can't be able to identify where the 'w' will ends and where the next 'w' starts.
L2 = {wwR|w∈{a,b}*, wR is the reverse of w}
⇒ This also not a regular language. We can't identify where 'w' ends.
L4 = {0i2|i is an integer}
= {0i*0i|i is an integer}
⇒ This is also not a regular language. We can't identify where 0i ends.
L3 = {02i|i is an integer}
⇒ This is regular. We can easily find whether a string is even or not.
Question 9 |
Consider the following two statements:
- S1: {02n|n≥1|} is a regular language
S2: {0m1n0m+n|m≥1 and n≥1|} is a regular language
Which of the following statements is correct?
Only S1 is correct | |
Only S2 is correct | |
Both S1 and S2 are correct | |
None of S1 and S2 is correct |
For S2, DFA is not possible which is not regular.
Question 10 |
- Consider the following two statements about regular languages:
S1: Every infinite regular language contains an undecidable language as a subset.
S2: Every finite language is regular.
Which one of the following choices is correct.?
Only S2is true. | |
Both S1and S2are true. | |
Only S1is true. | |
Neither S1nor S2is true. |
-
S1 is true. We can solve this intuitively.
Suppose L=(a+b)* i.e, sigma*
We know that this is a regular language and any language is subset of this language.
As we know so many undecidable languages (not recursive languages) exist, hence S1 is true.
Take another example:
L=a* which is regular and infinite.
Take its subset L1=an | n> 0 and n is a set such that it cannot be generated by any algorithm
I.e, n is a set of natural numbers which does not have any algorithm which can generate this
So L1 is a undecidable language.
L2 is true as every finite language is regular.
Question 11 |
Consider the context-free grammar
E → E + E E → (E * E) E → idwhere E is the starting symbol, the set of terminals is {id, (,+,),*}, and the set of nonterminals is {E}.
Which of the following terminal strings has more than one parse tree when parsed according to the above grammar?
id + id + id + id | |
id + (id* (id * id)) | |
(id* (id * id)) + id | |
((id * id + id) * id) |

Question 12 |
Consider the non-deterministic finite automaton (NFA) shown in the figure.

State X is the starting state of the automaton. Let the language accepted by the NFA with Y as the only accepting state be L1. Similarly, let the language accepted by the NFA with Z as the only accepting state be L2. Which of the following statements about L1 and L2 is TRUE? Correction in Question: There is an edge from Z->Y labeled 0 and another edge from Y->Z labeled 1 - in place of double arrowed and no arrowed edges.
L1 = L2 | |
L1 ⊂ L2 | |
L2 ⊂ L1 | |
None of the above |
Y = X0 + Y0 + Z1
Z = X0 + Y0 + Z;
⇒ X = Z;
⇒ L1 = L2
Question 13 |
The language {0n 1n 2n | 1 ≤ n ≤ 106} is
regular | |
context-free but not regular | |
context-free but its complement is not context-free | |
not context-free |
So, given language is regular.
Question 14 |
Let L be a regular language and M be a context-free language, both over the alphabet Σ. Let Lc and Mc denote the complements of L and M respectively. Which of the following statements about the language if Lc ∪ Mc is TRUE?
It is necessarily regular but not necessarily context-free. | |
It is necessarily context-free. | |
It is necessarily non-regular. | |
None of the above. |
Question 15 |
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the regular expression 01*0?
It represents a finite set of finite strings. | |
It represents an infinite set of finite strings. | |
It represents a finite set of infinite strings. | |
It represents an infinite set of infinite strings. |
So, given regular expression represents an infinite set of finite strings.
Question 16 |
Let L be a regular language. Consider the constructions on L below:
I. repeat (L) = {ww | w ∊ L}
II. prefix (L) = {u | ∃v : uv ∊ L}
III. suffix (L) = {v | ∃u : uv ∊ L}
IV. half (L) = {u | ∃v : | v | = | u | and uv ∊ L}
Which of the constructions could lead to a non-regular language?
Both I and IV | |
Only I | |
Only IV | |
Both II and III |
Half (L), Suffix (L) and Prefix (L) are regular languages.
Question 17 |
Let L be a regular language. Consider the constructions on L below:
(I) repeat (L) = {ww | w ∊ L}
(II) prefix (L) = {u | ∃v : uv ∊ L}
(III) suffix (L) = {v | ∃u uv ∊ L}
(IV) half (L) = {u | ∃v : | v | = | u | and uv ∊ L}
Which choice of L is best suited to support your answer above?
(a + b)* | |
{ϵ, a, ab, bab} | |
(ab)* | |
{anbn | n ≥ 0} |
1) L should be regular due to demand of question.
2) L should be an infinite set of strings.
3) L should have more than one alphabet in its grammar, otherwise repeat(L) would be regular.
∴ (a + b)* is the perfect example to support the conclusions of last questions.
Question 18 |
Which of the following statements about regular languages is NOT true?
Every language has a regular superset | |
Every language has a regular subset | |
Every subset of a regular language is regular | |
Every subset of a finite language is regular |
Question 19 |
Regularity is preserved under the operation of string reversal.
True | |
False |
Question 20 |
All subsets of regular sets are regular.
True | |
False |