Programming

Question 1
Consider the following ANSI C function:
int SimpleFunction (int Y[], int n, int x)
{
     int total = Y[0], loopIndex;
     for (loopIndex = 1; loopIndex <= n - 1; loopIndex++)
                   total = x * total + Y[loopIndex]
     return total;
}
Let Z be an array of 10 elements with Z[i]=1, for all i such that 0 ≤ i ≤ 9. The value returned by SimpleFunction(Z, 10, 2) is _______
A
1023
Question 1 Explanation: 
Array Z consists of 10 elements and that element's values are 1.
n=10,x=2
Initial total value is 1 => total=1.
For loop will execute 9 times.
loopindex=1, 1<=9 condition is true then
total = x * total + Y[loopIndex]= 2*1+Y[1]=2+1=3
loopindex=2, 2<=9 condition is true then
total=2*3+Y[2]=6+1=7
loopindex=3, 3<=9 condition is true then
total=2*7+Y[3]=14+1 =15
loopindex=4, 4<=9 condition is true then
total= 2*15+Y[4]=30+1=31
loopindex=5, 5<=9 condition is true then
total=2*31+Y[5]=62+1=63
loopindex=6, 6<=9 condition is true then
total=2*63+Y[6]=126+1=127
loopindex=7, 7<=9 condition is true then
Total =2*127+Y[7]=254+1=255
loopindex=8, 8<=9 condition is true then
total=2*255+Y[8]=510+1=511
loopindex=9, 9<=9 condition is true then
total=2*511+Y[9]=1022+1=1023
loopindex=10, 10<=9 condition is false then
Total value is returned which is 1023.
You can also write generalized formulae 210-1=1023
Question 2
Consider the following ANSI C program.
# include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
            int i, j, count;
            count = 0;
            i = 0;
            for (j = -3; j <= 3; j++)
            {
                        if ((j >= 0) && (i++))
                                 count = count + j;
             }
              count = count + i;
              printf(“%d”, count);
              return 0;
}   
Which one of the following options is correct?
A
The program will compile successfully and output 13 when executed.
B
The program will compile successfully and output 10 when executed.
C
The program will compile successfully and output 8 when executed.
D
The program will not compile successfully.
Question 2 Explanation: 

Input: count=0 , i=0 and j=-3

For(j = -3; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition fails because they are given logical AND. 

So, we are not entering the “if” condition and come out of the loop. The count and “i” values remain “0”. 

For(j = -2; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition fails because they are given logical AND. 

So, we are not entering the “if” condition and come out of the loop. The count and “i” values remain “0”. 

For(j = -1; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition fails because they are given logical AND. 

So, we are not entering the “if” condition and come out of the loop. The count and “i” values remain “0”.

For(j = 0; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

count=0+0 → Count=0

For(j = 1; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

count=0+1 → Count=1

For(j = 2; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

count=1+2 → Count=3

For(j = 3; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

if((j >= 0) && (i++))   → Condition TRUE then enters into the loop. 

count=3+3 → Count=6

 

For(j = 4; j <= 3; j++)   → Condition FALSE we are not entering the loop. 

count=6+4 → We are given a condition as a post increment. So, “i” updates the next instruction. 

The above code segment executes successfully and will print value=10.

Question 3

What function of x, n is computed by this program?

 Function what (x, n:integer): integer:
 Var
     value : integer;
     begin
     value:=1
     if n>0 then
 begin
     if n mod 2 = 1 then
     value:=value*x;
     value:=value*what(x*x, n div 2);
     end;
     what:value
     end; 
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 4

Consider the program below:

 Program main;
    var r:integer;
    procedure two;
    begin write (r) end;
    procedure one;
    var r:integer;
    begin r:=5 two; end
    begin r:=2;
    two; one; two;
    end. 

What is printed by the above program if
(i) Static scoping is assumed for all variables;
(ii) Dynamic scoping is assumed for all variables.
Give reasons for your answer.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 5

An array a contains n integers in non-decreasing order, A[1] ≤ A[2] ≤ ... ≤ A[n]. Describe, using Pascal like pseudo code, a linear time algorithm to find i, j, such that A[i] + A[j] = a given integer M, if such i, j exist.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 6

(a) Draw a precedence graph for the following sequential code. The statements are numbered from S1 to S6

 S1       read n
 S2       i:=1
 S3       if i>n goto next
 S4       a(i):=i+1
 S5       i:=i+1
 S6       next : Write a(i) 

(b) Can this graph be converted to a concurrent program using parbegin-parend construct only?

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 7

In the following Pascal program segment, what is the value of X after the execution of the program segment?
X:=-10; Y:=20;
If X > Y then if X < 0 then X:=abs(X) else X:=2*X;

A
10
B
-20
C
-10
D
None
Question 7 Explanation: 
X is remains unchanged. As the if condition is becomes false.
X = -10
Question 8

Which of the following strings can definitely be said to be tokens without looking at the next input character while compiling a Pascal program?

 I. begin           II. program           III. <>   
A
I
B
II
C
III
D
All of the above
Question 8 Explanation: 
Note: Out of syllabus.
Question 9

Assume that X and Y are non-zero positive integers. What does the following Pascal program segment do?

 while X <>Y do
 if X > Y then
    X := X – Y
 else
    Y := Y – X;
 write(X); 
A
Computes the LCM of two numbers
B
Divides the larger number by the smaller number
C
Computes the GCD of two numbers
D
None of the above
Question 9 Explanation: 
Let X=3 and Y=5
1st pass : X=3 and Y=2
2nd pass : X=1 and Y=2
3rd pass : X=1 and Y=1
Write(X), which writes 1. Which is nothing but GCD of 3 & 5.
Question 10

What is the value of X printed by the following program?

 program COMPUTE (input, output);
    var
                  X:integer;
    procedure FIND (X:real);
                  begin
                  X:=sqrt(X);
                  end;
   begin
                  X:=2
                  Find(X)
                  Writeln(X)
   end 
A
2
B
√2
C
Run time error
D
None of the above
Question 10 Explanation: 
Since nothing is said in question. So we will assume by default call by value.
X in the procedure FIND is a local variable. No change will be reflected in global variable X.
Question 11

A variant record in Pascal is defined by

                    type varirec      =   record
                                          number : integer;
                                          case (var1,var2) of
                                          var1: (x,y : integer);
                                          var2: (p.q.: real)
                        end
                    end   

Suppose an array of 100 records was declared on a machine which uses 4 bytes for an integer and 8 bytes for a real. How much space would the compiler have to reserve for the array?

A
2800
B
2400
C
2000
D
1200
Question 11 Explanation: 
Note: Out of syllabus.
Question 12

Consider the following high level program segment. Give the contents of the memory locations for variables W, X, Y and Z after the execution of the program segment. The values of the variables A and B are 5 CH and 92H, respectively. Also indicate error conditions if any.

 var
     A, B, W, X, Y   :unsigned byte;
     Z               :unsigned integer, (each integer is represented by two bytes)
 begin
     X               :=A+B
     Y               :=abs(bA-b);
     W               :=A-B
     Z               :=A*B
 End;  
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 13

(a) Consider the following Pascal function where A and B are non-zero positive integers. What is the value of GET(3,2)?

 function GET(A,B:integer);integer;
 begin
          if B = 0 then
    GET:=1
 else if A < B then
    GET:=0
 else
    GET:=GET(A-1,B)+GET(A-1,B-1)
 end ; 

(b) The Pascal procedure given for computing the transpose of an N × N (N>1) matrix A of integers has an error. Find the error and correct it.
Assume that the following declaration are made in the main program

 const
     MAXSIZE=20;
 type
     INTARR=array [1.,MAXSIZE,1..MAXSIZE] of integer;
 Procedure TRANSPOSE (var A: INTARR; N : integer);
 var
     I, J, TMP, integer;
 begin
     for I:=1 to NO – 1 do
     for J:=1 to N do
     begin
          TMP: = A[I,J];
          A[I,J]:=A[J,I];
          A(J,I):=TMP
     end
 end; 
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 14

(a) Using the scope rules of Pascal determine the declaration that apply to each occurrence of the names A and B in the following program segment.

 procedure T(U, V, X, Y: integer);
 var
    A: record
        A, B : integer
    end; 
    B: record
        B, A : integer
    end;
 begin
    with A do
        begin
          A:=4;
          B:=V
 end;
 with B do
    begin
         A:=X;
         B:=Y
    end
 end; 

(b) Find the lexical errors in the following Pascal statement:

     if A > 1, then B = 2.5A else read (C);  
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 15

The following is an incomplete Pascal function to convert a given decimal integer (in the range -8 to +7) into a binary integer in 2’s complement representation. Determine the expression A, B, C that complete program.

 function TWOSCOMP (N:integer):integer;
 var
 RAM, EXPONENT:integer;
 BINARY :integer;
 begin
 if(N>=-8) and (N<=+7) then
     begin
 if N<0 then
     N : = A;
 BINARY:=0;
 EXPONENT:=1;
 while N<>0 do
     begin
       REM:=N mod 2;
       BINARY:=BINARY + B*EXPONENT;
       EXPONENT:=EXPONENT*10;
       N := C
     end
 TWOSCOMP:=BINARY
 end
 end; 
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 16

Consider the following C functions.

  int fun1 (int n)  {                              int fun2 (int n)  {
    static int i = 0;                                static int i = 0;  
    if (n > 0)  {                                    if (n > 0)  { 
       ++i;                                              i = i + fun1 (n);   
       fun1 (n-1);                                       fun2 (n-1);
    }                                                 }
    return (i);                                           return (i);
  }                                                 } 

The return value of fun2 (5) is _______.

A
55
Question 16 Explanation: 
#include
int fun1(int n) {
printf("--fun1 call--\n");
static int i = 0;
if(n>0){
++i;
printf("fun1(%d-1)\n",n);
fun1(n-1);
}
printf("fun1(%d)= %d\n",n, i);
return(i);
}
int fun2(int n) {
printf("\n******* fun2 call ********\n");
static int i = 0;
if(n>0){
printf("%d + fun1(%d)\n", i,n);
i=i+fun1(n);
fun2(n-1);
}
printf("fun2(%d)= %d\n",n, i);
return(i);
}
void main()
{
printf("final = %d\n", fun2(5));
}
Check step by step hand run of the code to understand the recursion:
******* fun2 call ********
0 + fun1(5)
--fun1 call--
fun1(5-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(4-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(3-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(2-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(1-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(0)= 5
fun1(1)= 5
fun1(2)= 5
fun1(3)= 5
fun1(4)= 5
fun1(5)= 5
******* fun2 call ********
5 + fun1(4)
--fun1 call--
fun1(4-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(3-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(2-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(1-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(0)= 9
fun1(1)= 9
fun1(2)= 9
fun1(3)= 9
fun1(4)= 9
******* fun2 call ********
14 + fun1(3)
--fun1 call--
fun1(3-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(2-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(1-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(0)= 12
fun1(1)= 12
fun1(2)= 12
fun1(3)= 12
******* fun2 call ********
26 + fun1(2)
--fun1 call--
fun1(2-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(1-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(0)= 14
fun1(1)= 14
fun1(2)= 14
******* fun2 call ********
40 + fun1(1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(1-1)
--fun1 call--
fun1(0)= 15
fun1(1)= 15
******* fun2 call ********
fun2(0)= 55
fun2(1)= 55
fun2(2)= 55
fun2(3)= 55
fun2(4)= 55
fun2(5)= 55
final = 55
Question 17
Consider the following C functions.
int tob (int b, int* arr) {
int i;
for (i=0; b>0; i++) {
if (b%2) arr [i] = 1;
else arr [i] = 0;
b = b/2;
}
return (i);
}

int pp (int a, int b) {
int arr [20];
int i, tot = 1, ex, len;
ex = a;
len = tob (b,arr);
for (i=0; i if (arr[i] == 1)
tot = tot * ex;
ex = ex * ex;
}
return (tot);
}
The value returned by pp(3,4) is ________.
A
81
Question 17 Explanation: 
pp(3,4) ⇒
a=3,b=4
tot=1
ex=a=3
len=tob(b,arr) which is 3
[
tob(4,arr)==>
b=4
b%2 =4%2=0 Condition is false then arr[0]=0
=> b=b/2 =4/2 =2
b=2
b%2 =2%2=0 condition is false then arr[1]=0
=>b=b/2=2/2=1
b=1
then b%2=1%2 condition is true then arr[2]=1
=>b=b/2=1/2=0
The i value is 3 [length is 3]
]
i=0,
arr[0] ==1 condition is false
ex=3*3=9
i=1
arr[1]==1 condition is false
then
ex=9*9=81
i=2
then arr[2]==1 condition is true
tot=tot*ex=1*81=81
ex=81*81
Finally it returns tot value which 81.
Question 18

What will be the output of the following C program segment?

char inchar = 'A';
switch (inchar)
{
case 'A' :
    printf ("choice A n") ;
case 'B' :
    printf ("choice B ") ;
case 'C' :
case 'D' :
case 'E' :
default:
    printf ("No Choice") ;
}
A
No Choice
B
Choice A
C
D
Program gives no output as it is erroneous
Question 18 Explanation: 
Everything in the switch will be executed, because there is no break; statement after case ‘A’. So it executes all the subsequent statements until it find a break;
So,
→ Choice A
→ Choice B. No choice. Is the output.
Question 19

Consider the following C program

int a, b, c = 0;
void prtFun (void);
int main ()
{
    static int a = 1; /* line 1 */
    prtFun();
    a += 1;
    prtFun();
    printf ( "n %d %d " , a, b) ;
}
  
void prtFun (void)
{
    static int a = 2; /* line 2 */
    int b = 1;
    a += ++b;
    printf (" n %d %d " , a, b);
}

What output will be generated by the given code segment?

A
B
C
D
Question 19 Explanation: 

Hence
4 2
6 2
2 0
Question 20

Consider the following C program

int a, b, c = 0;
void prtFun (void);
int main ()
{
    static int a = 1; /* line 1 */
    prtFun();
    a += 1;
    prtFun();
    printf ( "n %d %d " , a, b) ;
}
  
void prtFun (void)
{
    static int a = 2; /* line 2 */
    int b = 1;
    a += ++b;
    printf (" n %d %d " , a, b);
}

What output will be generated by the given code segment if:

    Line 1 is replaced by auto int a = 1;
    Line 2 is replaced by register int a = 2;
A
B
C
D
Question 20 Explanation: 
Line 1 replaced by auto int a=1;
Line 2 replaced by register int a=2;
In main there will be no change if it is static or auto because of a+=1 the auto variable a is updated to 2 from 1.
In prtfun ( ), register makes a difference.
For first print statement a is updated to 4 & prints 4, 2.
But now it is not a static variable to retain the value of a to 4. So it becomes 2, when second function call takes place & prints 4, 2 again. There is no change in b, it acts like a local variable.
Hence,
4 2
4 2
2 0.
Question 21

Given the following Pascal-like program segment

Procedure A;
  x,y: integer;
   Procedure B;
    x,z: real
    S1
   end B;
   Procedure C;
      i: integer;
       S2
   end C;
end A; 

The variables accessible in S1 and S2 are

A
x or A, y, x of B and z in S1 and
x of B, y and i in S2
B
x or B, y and z in S1 and
x of B, i and z in S2
C
x or B, z and y in S1 and
x of A, i and y in S2
D
None of the above
Question 21 Explanation: 
Note: Out of syllabus.
Question 22

What value would the following function return for the input x=95?

                 Function fun (x:integer):integer;
      Begin
                 If x > 100 then fun = x - 10
                 Else fun = fun(fun(x + 11))
      End;  
A
89
B
90
C
91
D
92
Question 22 Explanation: 
Value returned by
fun(95) = fun(fun(106))
= fun(96)
= fun(fun(107))
= fun(97)
= fun(fun(108))
= fun(98)
= fun(fun(109))
= fun(99)
= fun(110)
= fun(100)
= fun(fun(111))
= fun(101)
= 91
Question 23

What is the result of the following program?

program side-effect (input, output);
    var x, result: integer;
    function f (var x:integer):integer;
    begin
        x:x+1;f:=x;
    end;
begin
    x:=5;
    result:=f(x)*f(x);
    writeln(result);
end; 
A
5
B
25
C
36
D
42
Question 23 Explanation: 
If it is call by reference then answer is 42.
If it is call by value then answer is 36.
Question 24

Given the programming constructs (i) assignment (ii) for loops where the loop parameter cannot be changed within the loop (iii) if-then-else (iv) forward go to (v) arbitrary go to (vi) non-recursive procedure call (vii) recursive procedure/function call (viii) repeat loop, which constructs will you not include in a programming language such that it should be possible to program the terminates (i.e., halting) function in the same programming language.

A
(ii), (iii), (iv)
B
(v), (vii), (viii)
C
(vi), (vii), (viii)
D
(iii), (vii), (viii)
Question 24 Explanation: 
Arbitrary goto, recursive call and repeat loop may enter infinite loop and the program might never terminate.
Question 25

Consider the following C function definition.

int Trial (int a, int b, int c)
{
    if ((a >= b) && (c < b) return b;
    else if (a >= b) return Trial(a, c, b);
    else return Trial(b, a, c);
} 

The function Trial:

A
Finds the maximum of a, b, and c
B
Finds the minimum of a, b and c
C
Finds the middle number of a, b, c
D
None of the above
Question 25 Explanation: 
Try for (3,2,2), it will go for infinite loop.
Question 26

Suppose we have a function HALTS which when applied to any arbitrary function f and its arguments will say TRUE if function f terminates for those arguments and FALSE otherwise. Example, Given the following function definition.
FACTORIAL (N) = IF(N=0) THEN 1 ELSE N*FACTORIAL (N-1)
Then HALTS(FACTORIAL 4) = TRUE and HATS(FACTORIAL - 5) = FALSE

Let us define the function FUNNY(f) = IF HALTS(ff) THEN not(ff) ELSE TRUE
(a) Show that FUNNY terminates for all functions f.
(b) Use (a) to prove (by contradiction) that it is not possible to have a function like HALTS which for arbitrary functions and inputs says whether it will terminate on that input or not.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 27

What will be the output of the following program assuming that parameter passing is

    (i) call by value
    (ii) call by reference
    (iii) call by copy restore
      procedure P{x, y, z};
                        begin y:y+1; z: x+x end; 
      begin
                        a:= b:= 3;
                        P(a+b, a, a);
                        Print(a) 
      end. 
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 28

Consider the following pascal program skeleton:

program sort(...);
                        var a,x,...;
                        procedure readarray;
                              var i,....;
                              begin
                                             ...:=a...
                              end;
      procedure exchange(...);
                       begin
                                             ...:=a...
                                             ...:=x...
                       end;
      procedure qsort(...);
                       var k,v,...;
                       function partition (...)...;
                              var i,j,...;
                              begin
                              ...:=a...
                              ...:=v...
                              end;
                       begin
                              .
                              .
                       end;
      begin
                       .
                       .
      end; 

Assume that at a given point in time during program execution, following procedures are active: sort, qsort(1,9), qsort(1.3), partition(1,3), exchange(1,3).

Show snapshots of the runtime stack with access links after each of the activations.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 29

The following C declarations

struct node
{
   int i;
   float j;
};
struct node *s[10]; 

define s to be

A
An array, each element of which is a pointer to a structure of type node
B
A structure of 2 fields, each field being a pointer to an array of 10 elements
C
A structure of 3 fields: an integer, a float, and an array of 10 elements
D
An array, each element of which is a structure of type node
Question 29 Explanation: 
The given code represents an array of s[ ], in this each element is a pointer to structure of type node.
Question 30

The most appropriate matching for the following pairs

    X: m=malloc(5); m= NULL;        1: using dangling pointers
    Y: free(n); n->value=5;         2: using uninitialized pointers
    Z: char *p; *p = ’a’;           3. lost memory  

is:

A
X – 1 Y – 3 Z – 2
B
X – 2 Y – 1 Z – 3
C
X – 3 Y – 2 Z – 1
D
X – 3 Y – 1 Z – 2
Question 30 Explanation: 
X → m = NULL will results the loss of memory.
Y → n is pointer to invalid memory, a making it as a dangling pointer.
Z → p is not initialized.
p = malloc (size of(char))p = malloc (size of(char)); should have been used before assigning 'aa' to ∗p.
Question 31

Aliasing in the context of programming languages refers to

A
multiple variables having the same memory location
B
multiple variables having the same value
C
multiple variables having the same identifier
D
multiple uses of the same variable
Question 31 Explanation: 
In computer programming, aliasing refers to the situation where the same memory location can be accessed using different names.
Question 32

Consider the following C declaration

struct {
    short s [5]
    union {
    float y;
    long z;
    } u;
} t; 

Assume that objects of the type short, float and long occupy 2 bytes, 4 bytes and 8 bytes, respectively. The memory requirement for variable t, ignoring alignment considerations, is

A
22 bytes
B
14 bytes
C
18 bytes
D
10 bytes
Question 32 Explanation: 
short [5] = 5×2 = 10
max[float, long] = max [4, 8] = 8
Total = short[5] + max[float,long] = 10 + 8 = 18
Question 33

The value of j at the end of the execution of the following C program.

int incr(int i)
{
   static int count = 0;
   count = count + i;
   return (count);
}
main()
{
   int i,j;
   for (i = 0; i <= 4; i++)
      j = incr(i);
} 

is

A
10
B
4
C
6
D
7
Question 33 Explanation: 
At i=0; count=0
i=1; count=1
i=2; count=3
i=3; count=6
i=4; count=10
It return count value is 10.
Question 34

Consider the following program is pseudo-Pascal syntax.

    program main;
       var x: integer;
       procedure Q [z:integer);
       begin
          z: z + x;
          writeln(z)
       end;
    procedure P (y:integer);
          var x: integer;
       begin
          x: y + 2;
          Q(x);
          writeln(x)
       end;
       begin 
          x:=5;
          P(x);
          Q(x);
          writeln(x)
       end. 

What is the output of the program, when
(a) The parameter passing mechanism is call-by-value and the scope rule is static scooping?

(b) The parameter passing mechanism is call-by-reference and the scope rule is dynamic scooping?

A
Theory Explanation is given below.
Question 34 Explanation: 
Note: Out of syllabus.
Question 35

What is printed by the print statements in the program P1 assuming call by reference parameter passing?

Program P1()
{
   x = 10;
   y = 3;
   func1(y,x,x);
   print x;
   print y;
}
func1(x,y,z)
{
   y = y+4;
   z = x+y+z;
} 
A
10, 3
B
31, 3
C
27, 7
D
None of the above
Question 35 Explanation: 
Here, variable x of func1 points to address of variable y.
And variable y and z of func1 points to address of variable x.
Therefore, y = y+4 ⇒ y = 10+4 = 14
and z = x+y+z ⇒ z = 14+14+3 = 31
z will be stored back in k.
Hence, x=31 and y will remain as it is (y=3).
Hence, answer is (B).
Question 36

Consider the following program

                Program P2 
                   var n: int: 
                   procedure W(var x: int) 
                   begin 
                          x=x+1; 
                          print x;   
                   end 

                procedure D 
                begin  
                          var n: int; 
                          n=3; 
                          W(n);  
                End 
            begin               //beginP2 
                n=10; 
                D; 
            end  

If the language has dynamic scoping and parameters are passed by reference, what will be printed by the program?

A
10
B
11
C
3
D
None of the above
Question 36 Explanation: 
n=3
W(n)=W(3)
Procedure W(var x; int)
begin
x = x+1 = 3+1 = 4
Print x → Print x=4
end
Question 37

Consider the following C program:

           void abc(char*s)
           {
              if(s[0]==’\0’)return;
              abc(s+1);
              abc(s+1);
              printf(“%c”,s[0]);
           }
           main()
           {  abc(“123”)
           }  

(a) What will be the output of the program?
(b) If abc(s) is called with a null-terminated string s of length n characters (not counting the null (‘\0’) character), how many characters will be printed by abc(s)?

A
Theory Explanation is given below.
Question 38

In the C language

A
At most one activation record exists between the current activation record and the activation record for the main
B
The number of activation records between the current activation record and the activation record for the main depends on the actual function calling sequence.
C
The visibility of global variables depends on the actual function calling sequence.
D
Recursion requires the activation record for the recursive function to be saved on a different stack before the recursive fraction can be called.
Question 38 Explanation: 
In C Language a function can create activation record from the created function stack.
Question 39

Consider the following logic program P

A(x) <- B(x, y), C(y) 
     <- B(x,x) 

Which of the following first order sentences is equivalent to P?

A
(∀x) [(∃y) [B(x,y) ∧ C(y)] ⇒ A(x)] ∧ ¬(∃x)[B(x,x)]
B
(∀x) [(∀y) [B(x,y) ∧ C(y)] ⇒ A(x)] ∧ ¬(∃x)[B(x,x)]
C
(∀x) [(∃y) [B(x,y) ∧ C(y)] ⇒ A(x)] ∨ ¬(∃x)[B(x,x)]
D
(∀x) [(∀y) [B(x,y) ∧ C(y)] ⇒ A(x)] ∧ (∃x)[B(x,x)]
Question 39 Explanation: 
Note: This is not in gate syllabus. Please ignore this question.
Question 40

The following program fragment is written in a programming language that allows variables and does not allow nested declarations of functions.

global int i = 100, j = 5;
void P(x)
{
    int i = 10;
    print(x + 10);
    i = 200;
    j = 20;
    print(x);
}
main()
{
    P(i + j);
}

If the programming language uses static scoping and call by need parameter passing mechanism, the values printed by the above program are

A
115, 220
B
25, 220
C
25, 15
D
115, 105
Question 40 Explanation: 
P(i+j)
P(100+5) = P(105)
→void P(105)
{   
int i=10;   
print (x+10);  ⇒ 105+10=115 prints
  i=200;  
  j = 20;  
  print (x);  ⇒ x=105 prints
}  
115, 105 prints
Question 41

The following program fragment is written in a programming language that allows variables and does not allow nested declarations of functions.

global int i = 100, j = 5;
void P(x)
{
    int i = 10;
    print(x + 10);
    i = 200;
    j = 20;
    print(x);
}
main()
{
    P(i + j);
}

If the programming language uses dynamic scoping and call by name parameter passing mechanism, the values printed by the above program are:

A
115, 220
B
25, 220
C
25, 15
D
115, 105
Question 41 Explanation: 
In dynamic,
In void P(x)
{  int i = 10;
   print(x + 10);   ⇒ 105+10 = 115 prints
 
print (x);   ⇒ print x=220;
Question 42

Consider the following class definitions in a hypothetical Object Oriented language that supports inheritance and uses dynamic binding. The language should not be assumed to be either Java or C++, though the syntax is similar.

Class P {
    void f(int i) {
        print(i);
    }
}

Class Q subclass of P {
    void f(int i) {
        print(2*i);
    }
} 

Now consider the following program fragment:

Px = new Q();
Qy = new Q();
Pz = new Q();
x.f(1); ((P)y).f(1); z.f(1); 

Here ((P)y) denotes a typecast of y to P. The output produced by executing the above program fragment will be

A
1 2 1
B
2 1 1
C
2 1 2
D
2 2 2
Question 42 Explanation: 
Because of using dynamic binding it results a values such as 2 2 2.
Note: The given question is not in the present syllabus
Question 43

In the following C program fragment, j, k n and TwoLog_n are interger variables, and A is an array of integers. The variable n is initialized to an integer ≥3, and TwoLog_n is initialized to the value of 2*⌈log2(n)⌉

   for (k = 3; k < = n; k++)
               A[k] = 0;
   for (k = 2; k < = TwoLog_n; k++)
          for (j = k + 1; j < = n; j++)
                    A[j] = A[j] || (j%k);
   for (j = 3; j < = n; j++)
          if (!A[j]) printf("%d", j); 

The set of numbers printed by this program fragment is

A
{m|m ≤ n, (∃i)[m=i!]}
B
{m|m ≤ n, (∃i)[m=i2]}
C
{m|m ≤ n, m is prime}
D
{ }
Question 43 Explanation: 
Take n=4, so Two log_n=4
Now Trace the code,
for (k=3; k<=n; k++)
A[k]=0; // A[3]=0
A[4]=0
for (k=2; k<=Two log_n; k++)
for(j=k+1; j<=n; j++)
A[j] = A[j] // (j%k); // A[3] = 0 // I=1
A[4] = 0 // I=1
for (j=3; j<=n; j++)
if (!A[j]) printf("%d", j);
// if (!1) means if (0), so printf will never execute
Hence, Option (D) is the answer.
Question 44

Consider the C program shown below.

#include 
#define print(x) printf("%d", x)
int x;
void Q(int z)
{
    z += x;
    print(z);
}
void P(int *y)
{
    int x = *y + 2;
    Q(x);
    *y = x - 1;
    print(x);
}
main(void)
{
    x = 5;
    P(&x);
    print(x);
} 

The output of this program is

A
12 7 6
B
22 12 11
C
14 6 6
D
7 6 6
Question 44 Explanation: 
In main function x=5; it is global array
p(&x) it goes to P( ) function
y=5
x=5+2=7;
Q(x)
z=7
z=7+5=12(Print+z→I)
comes to P( )
*y=7-1=6
x=7(Print x→II)
comes to main ( ),
print x=*y=6 (print x→III)
Output: 12 7 6
Question 45
Program PARAM (input, output);
 var m, n : integer;
 procedure P (var, x, y : integer);
    var m : integer;
    begin
      m : = 1;
      x : = y + 1
    end;
 procedure Q (x:integer; vary : integer);
    begin
      x:=y+1;
    end;
 begin
    m:=0; P(m,m); write (m);
    n:=0; Q(n*1,n); write (n)
 end 

The value of m, output by the program PARAM is:

A
1, because m is a local variable in P
B
0, because m is the actual parameter that corresponds to the formal parameter in p
C
0, because both x and y are just reference to m, and y has the value 0
D
1, because both x and y are just references to m which gets modified in procedure P
E
none of the above
Question 45 Explanation: 
0, because global m is not modified, m is just passed to formal argument of P.
Question 46
Program PARAM (input, output);
 var m, n : integer;
 procedure P (var, x, y : integer);
    var m : integer;
    begin
      m : = 1;
      x : = y + 1
    end;
 procedure Q (x:integer; vary : integer);
    begin
      x:=y+1;
    end;
 begin
    m:=0; P(m,m); write (m);
    n:=0; Q(n*1,n); write (n)
 end 

The value of n, output by the program PARAM is:

A
0, because n is the actual parameter corresponding to x in procedure Q.
B
0, because n is the actual parameter to y in procedure Q.
C
1, because n is the actual parameter corresponding to x in procedure Q.
D
1, because n is the actual parameter corresponding to y in procedure Q.
E
none of the above
Question 46 Explanation: 
0, because n is just passed to formal parameters of Q and no modification in global n.
Question 47
Program PARAM (input, output);
 var m, n : integer;
 procedure P (var, x, y : integer);
    var m : integer;
    begin
      m : = 1;
      x : = y + 1
    end;
 procedure Q (x:integer; vary : integer);
    begin
      x:=y+1;
    end;
 begin
    m:=0; P(m,m); write (m);
    n:=0; Q(n*1,n); write (n)
 end 

What is the scope of m declared in the main program?

A
PARAM, P, Q
B
PARAM, P
C
PARAM, Q
D
P, Q
E
none of the above
Question 47 Explanation: 
Since m is defined global it is visible inside all the procedures.
Question 48

What does the following code do?

 var a, b : integer;
 begin
    a:=a+b;
    b:=a-b;
    a:=a-b
 end; 
A
exchanges a and b
B
doubles a and stores in b
C
doubles b and stores in a
D
leaves a and b unchanged
E
none of the above
Question 48 Explanation: 
Exchanges a and b.
Let us consider a=5; b=2
a := a+b = 5+2 = 7
b := a-b = 7-2 = 5
a := a-b = 7-5 = 2
O/P: a=2; b=5
Question 49

The following Pascal program segments finds the largest number in a two-dimensional integer array A[0...n-1,0...n-1] using a single loop. Fill up the boxes to complete the program and write against in your answer book. Assume that max is a variable to store the largest value and i,j are the indices to the array.

 begin
     max:= , i:=0,j:=0;
     while  do
           begin
           if A[i,j]>max then max:=A[i,j]
           if  then j:=j+1
           else begin
                 j:=0;
                 i:= 
           end
     end
 end.
A
Theory Explanation.
Question 50

(a) What type of parameter passing mechanism (call-by-value, call-by-reference, call-by-name, or-by-value result) is the following sequence of actions truing to implement for a procedure call P(A[i]) where P(i:integer) is a procedure and A is an integer array?

 1. Create a new local variable, say z.
 2. Assign to z the value of A[i].
 3. Execute the body of P using z for A[i]
 4. Set A[i] to z. 

Is the implementation correct? Explain and correct it if necessary. You are supposed to make only small changes.

(b) Show the activation records and the display structure just after the procedures called at lines marked x and y have started their execution. Be sure to indicate which of the two procedures named A you are referring to.

 Program Test;
   Procedure A;
     Procedure B;
       Procedure A;
     ……
   end a;
 begin
   y:A;
   end B;
 begin
   B;
   end A;
 begin
   x:A;
 end Test. 
A
Theory Explanation.
There are 50 questions to complete.

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