As they are independent, answer could be Option-A, though it need to be checked with zero average too.
Note: Original key given option-C is correct answer

The characteristic equation of a JK flip flop is Q_n+1 = J.Q'_n +K'Q_n Characteristic Table:

In order to implement a n variable switching function, a MUX must have 2ⁿ inputs.

→ The throughput of pure ALOHA is given by S=Ge^-2G
→ The throughput of pure ALOHA is given by S=Ge^-G

→ FDDI uses a multimode fiber because the cost of single mode fiber is not justified for networks running at only 100 Mbps.
→ It also uses LEDs instead of Lasers not only because of the lower cost but also because FDDI may sometimes be used to connect directly to user workstations, and safety against exposure to LASER radiation is difficult to maintain in that case.

To employ multi-access in GSM, users are given different frequency bands.

Given data
-- Average I/O wait=80%
-- Total programs in memory=4
-- CPU Utilization=?
Step-1: To find CPU utilization, we have standard formula is 1-pⁿ
Where,
-- ‘n’ is number of process
-- ‘P’ is waiting time for I/O.
Step-2: CPU Utilization=1-0.8⁴
= 1-0.4096
= 0.5904 (approximation is 60%)

→ The wastage on account of internal fragmentation is NP/2 bytes.
where,
Segments in memory=N
Page size= P bytes.

→ Bit maps are not often used in memory management because searching a bitmap for a run of given length is a slow operation.

To find number of edges in complete graph using standard formula is n(n-1)/2

n=4
= 4(4-3)/2
= (4*3)/2
= 12/2
= 6

Mod value of a counter is the number of unique states.
Let K = Number of states =18.
Number of flip-flops is the smallest number which is greater than or equal to L log₂K
log₂18 = 4.1.
L=5>=4.1.
So number of flip-flops needed is 5.

It will give error message because they are not given in proper syntax. Suppose when we are taken (++c)+(++c);
→ It will give result 23 because pre/post increment will evaluate from right to left.
(++c)+(++c); /* It will increment by one. It means 11 */
(++c)+(++c); /* Before c=11 and now we are incrementing by 1. It will become 23. */

→ Storage classes are auto,static,register an extern.
→ Union is not a storage class.

A friend function of a class is defined outside that class scope but it has the right to access all private and protected members of the class. Even though the prototypes for friend functions appear in the class definition, friends are not member functions.
1. A function can only be declared a friend by a class itself.
2. It can have access to all members of the class, even private ones.

→ DML(Data Manipulation Language) performs to SELECT,UPDATE,INSERT and DELETE operations.
→ DML includes a query language based on both relation algebra and tuple calculus

Given data,
-- Access page table time=100 ns
-- Associate memory=20 ns
-- hit ratio=90% = 0.9
-- Miss ratio=1-hit ration
= 10% =0.1
-- Average Access Time=?
Step-1: AAT= Hit Ratio*Access page table + Miss Ratio*Associate memory
= 0.9*20 + 0.1*100
= 28 ns

The exists construct returns the value true if the argument subquery is nonempty.
1. exists r ⇔ r ≠ ∅
2. not exists r ⇔ r = ∅

The exists construct returns the value true if the argument subquery is nonempty.
1. exists r ⇔ r ≠ ∅
2. not exists r ⇔ r = ∅

EXISTS:The EXISTS function in SQL is used to check whether the result of a correlated nested query is empty (contains no tuples) or not.
UNIQUE: UNIQUE(Q), which returns TRUE if there are no duplicate tuples in the result of query ; otherwise, it returns FALSE. This can be
used to test whether the result of a nested query is a set or a multiset.
GROUP BY: The GROUP BY clause specifies the grouping attributes, which should also appear in the SELECT clause, so that the value resulting from applying each aggregate function to a group of tuples appears along with the value of the grouping attribute(s).
EXCEPT: The EXCEPT query is like the set difference operation in SQL. The difference between EXCEPT and EXCEPT ALL is EXCEPT do not allow duplicates while EXCEPT ALL allows duplicates in the result of a query.
Hence correct answer is OPTION(B)

Option-A: FALSE because undirected graph will be cycle also.
Option-B: TRUE because there is at least one path between any two distinct vertices of G. otherwise we are no calling as undirected graph.
Option-C: TRUE. If G contains no cycles and has (n-1) edges.
Option-D: FALSE

Leaf Nodes=p
keys=m
To split the node, assume that following the insertion of the new key, p has the format m,A₀,(K₁,A₁),...,(K_m,A_m), and K_ii+1, 1<=i The node is split into two nodes, p and q, with the following formats:
node p: ⌈(m/2)⌉-1, A₀(K₁A_{1<`/sub>), ..., (K⌈(m/2)⌉-1, A⌈(m/2)⌉-1)
node q: m-⌈(m/2)⌉, A⌈(m/2)⌉, (K⌈(m/2)⌉+1, A⌈(m/2)⌉+1), ..., (Km,Am)
The remaining key, K⌈(m/2)⌉-1, and a pointer to the new node,q, from a tuple(K⌈(m/2)⌉,q).
→ This is to be inserted into the parent of p. Before attempting this the nodes p and q are written to disk.}

By default we are using inorder traversal to evaluate it.
Inorder traversal starts from left,root and right.
Inorder traversal = (¬x₁∨ x₂) ∧ (¬x₁∨ x₂)

Queue is FIFO(First In First Out) and Stack is LIFO(Last In First Out).

→ In a full binary tree of height k, there are 2k-1 internal nodes.
→ A Binary Tree is full if every node has 0 or 2 children.
→ In a Full Binary, number of leaf nodes is number of internal nodes plus 1
L = I + 1
Where,
L = Number of leaf nodes,
I = Number of internal nodes.

A heap is a complete binary tree. A binary tree is said to have heap property if the elements along any path from root to leaf are non–increasing

→ X.25 originally defined three basic protocol levels or architectural layers.
1. Physical layer(bits)
2. Data link layer(frames)
3. Network layer(packet)
→ X.25 protocol consists of Physical, Frame and Packet levels.

→ GSM offers very low speed data service because mobility management in wide area network is the main focus in GSM.
→ GSM/CDMA systems are predominantly used for voice.

Usually information security in a network is achieved by cryptography because very difficult to decrypt messages.

The linker is required to create a load module. Object modules generated by assembler that contains unresolved external references are resolved for two or more object module by a Linker.

Immediate addressing mode the operand is given explicitly in the instruction itself.

Cross compiler: The compiler used to compile a source code for different kinds platform.
Note: We have an one and two pass assemblers but not compilers.

Context-free Grammar (CFG) can be recognized by finite state automata and linear bounded automata(LBA).

tail,cut and sed belongs to one category.
wart→ caused by a virus. So, it is odd one.

Key terms in chmod command:
‘+' to add permissions.
‘-' to remove permissions.
‘=' to assign permissions absolutely.
‘r’ to read permission
‘w’ to write permission
‘x’ to execute permissions
‘g’ to group permissions
‘o’ to others permissions
chmod go -w filex → Removing write permission to group and others
chmod go=w filex → Giving all rwx permissions to groups and others

Variable partition memory management technique with compaction results in reduction of fragmentation

CMM stands for Capability Maturity Model is a process model which specifies the process improvement approach in software development.
CMM levels:
1. Initial
2. Repeatable
3. Defined
4. Managed
5. Optimizing

In the light of software engineering software consists of programs,data and documentation.

ISO 9003 is "Quality systems-Model for quality assurance in final inspection and test".
ISO 9001 is a non-industry specific certification.
ISO 9000 refers to the family of standards including ISO 9000, ISO 9001, ISO 9004 and ISO 19011.

Boundary testing is the process of testing between extreme ends or boundaries between partitions of the input values. It is used to test data generation.

Design recovery from source code is done during reverse engineering, re-engineering and reusability.

→ kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result.
→ Kerning adjusts the space between individual letter forms, while tracking (letter-spacing) adjusts spacing uniformly over a range of characters.

when compared with analog cellular systems, an advantage of digital TDMA cellular system is that it conserves spectrum bandwidth.

E–commerce includes:
Consumer-to-business (C2B) is a business model in which consumers (individuals) create value and businesses consume that value.
Business-to-government (B2G) (or) "public sector marketing": Which encompasses marketing products and services to various government levels through integrated marketing communications techniques such as strategic public relations, branding, marketing communications (marcom), advertising, and web-based communications.
Customer to customer (C2C) markets provide an innovative way to allow customers to interact with each other.
Business-to-business (B2B) is a situation where one business makes a commercial transaction with another.

→ Hierarchical methods of cluster analysis permit a convenient graphical display in which the entire sequence of merging(or splitting) because of its tree like nature, the display has the name of dendrogram.
Types:
1. Agglomerative: This is a "bottom-up" approach: each observation starts in its own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one moves up the hierarchy.
2. Divisive: This is a "top-down" approach: all observations start in one cluster, and splits are performed recursively as one moves down the hierarchy.

After sending a message ,the sender should not be able to, at a later date, deny having sent the message, is referred to as Non–Repudiation.

→ Gateway allows data to flow from one discrete network to another.
→ Gateways are distinct from routers or switches in that they communicate using more than one protocol and can operate at any of the seven layers of the open systems interconnection model (OSI).

We can not delete the recycle icon but we can made it invisible but we can delete my computer and internet explorer icon completely.