→ The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
→ The Doppler effect is observed whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an observer.
→ The Doppler effect can be described as the effect produced by a moving source of waves in which there is an apparent upward shift in frequency for observers towards whom the source is approaching and an apparent downward shift in frequency for observers from whom the source is receding.

→ Motion picture, also called film or movie, series of still photographs on film, projected in rapid succession onto a screen by means of light.
→ When a motion picture film is projected on a screen at the rate of at least 16 illuminations per second but the commercial motion pictures uses 24 frames per second or 72 screen illuminations per second.
→ Film Technology standard is 24 frames per second, a three bladed shutter and some dreamy motion blur, all projected as shadow and light on the side of a wall.

→ The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is used by network devices, including routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached.
→ ICMP creates and sends messages to the source IP address indicating that a gateway to the Internet that a router, service or host cannot be reached for packet delivery.

→ Computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems.
→ Computer architecture involves instruction set architecture design, microarchitecture design, logic design, and implementation.
→ Organization of computer system is the way of practical implementation which results in realization of architectural specifications of a computer system.
→ A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC),or at most a few integrated circuits.
→ A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers.

→ An escape sequence is a sequence of characters that does not represent itself when used inside a character or string literal, but is translated into another character or a sequence of characters that may be difficult or impossible to represent directly.
→ All escape sequences consist of two or more characters, the first of which is the backslash, \ (called the "Escape character"); the remaining characters determine the interpretation of the escape sequence. For example, \n is an escape sequence that denotes a newline character.
→ If we treat it a character constant means one character
Note: An escape sequence is regarded as a single character and is therefore valid as a character constant.

→ Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital format . In this format, information is organized into discrete units of data (called bit s) that can be separately addressed (usually in multiple-bit groups called bytes).
→ sampling is the reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
→ "fidelity" denotes how accurately a copy reproduces its source

Datalink, Network, Transport, Session are host to host layers.

● Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.
● In the computer memory , we will perform read and write operations.

Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years.

Core:​ This is the first Intel x86 microprocessor with a dual core, referring to the implementation of two processors on a single chip.
Core 2:​ The Core 2 extends the architecture to 64 bits. The Core 2 Quad provides four processors on a single chip. More recent Core offerings have up to 10 processors per chip.
Dual-core​ refers to a CPU that includes two complete execution cores per physical processor. It has combined two processors and their caches and cache controllers onto a single integrated circuit (silicon chip).

→ An ARM processor is one of a family of CPU’s based on the RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines(ARM). ARM makes 32-bit and 64-bit RISC multi-core processors.
→ ARM processors are extensively used in consumer electronic devices such as Smartphones,tablets, multimedia players and other mobile devices, such as wearable. Because of their reduced instruction sets, they require fewer transistor, which enables a smaller die size for the integrated circuitry (IC).

Two or more functions having same name but different argument(s) are known as overloaded functions. So option is not true.

A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers.

→ Computer components are interconnected by using a set of parallel lines (Conducted Wires). Each of these lines can be used to transfer a sequence of bits from one component of the computer to the other component. This is a set of parallel lines is called BUS.
→ Generally a computer has more than one bus interconnection. The bus used to connect the main components of a computer is called the ​ System Bus​ .

→ Student S1:----whenever we create object to the class , automatically default constructor will be called.
→ Student S2=S1:------The copy constructor is a constructor which creates an object by initializing it with an object of the same class, which has been created previously.

→ Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is high-speed static random access memory (SRAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular random access memory (RAM).
→ Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in a computer.
→ Register memory size very small compared to Cache memory.

→ Condition specified in WHERE clause is used while fetching data (rows) from table, and data which doesn't pass the condition will not be fetched into result set,
→ HAVING clause is used to filter summarized data or grouped data.
→ In the question, we require average salary of employees whose grade is E4. So we require grouped data.

● The computer systems Input/output (I/O) architecture is to interface to the outside world.
● Each I/O module interfaces to the system bus and controls one or more peripheral devices.
● The major functions of an I/O module are categorized as follows:
■ Control and
■ Processor
■ Device communication
■ Data buffering
■ Error Detection

→ The radix of a number system is the number of unique digits, including, zero, that are used to represent larger numbers. In the decimal system that would be 0 to 9.
→ In the question, the unique digits are 0,1 and X(possible x value is 2) then number system is 3;

→ The XNOR gate is a digital logic gate whose function is the logical complement of the exclusive OR gate.
→ The two-input version implements logical equality, behaving according to the truth table to the right, and hence the gate is sometimes called an "equivalence gate"

The above diagram gives the following expressions
Difference (D) = (A’B + AB’) = A ⊕ B
Borrow (B) = A’B

● JVM is a engine that provides runtime environment to drive the Java Code or applications. It converts Java bytecode into machines language.
● First, Java code is compiled into bytecode. This bytecode gets interpreted on different machines

● A multiplexer (or mux) is a device that combines several analog or digital input signals and forwards them into a single output line.
● A multiplexer of 2​ n​ inputs has n select lines, which are used to select which input line to send to the output.
● A multiplexer is also called a data selector. Multiplexers can also be used to implement Boolean functions of multiple variables.

Four input lines I​ ₀​ ,I_{​ 1}​ ,I_{​ 2}​ and I​ ₃​ and Two Selection lines S​ ₀ and S_{​ 1}
One output line F

● The Bistable Multivibrator is another type of two state device.
● Bistable Multivibrators have TWO stable states (hence the name: “Bi” meaning two) and maintain a given output state indefinitely unless an external trigger is applied forcing it to change state.

→ Linear search , in which elements are searched element by element.
→ Binary search in which elements should be in sorting order and every time we will search in the half the elements based upon the mid value.

We will assign one thread for each image so that all images will load faster.

→ An eight-bit D/A converter have 2​ ⁸​ -1 resolvable levels which is nothing but 255 levels.
→ Percentage resolution is (1/255)×100=0.39%

→ The attributes of student class are name and marks.
→ There are two objects created in the above program and both have same attributes.

● “ALT” attribute is used along with tag to specify the text in place of image, if image not able to see.
● The syntax is
< img src=”file.jpg” alt=”Image can’t be loaded” >

● An array data structure, or simply an array, is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements (values or variables), each identified by at least one array index or key.
● An array is stored such that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula.
● Memory is allocated homogeneously and we can access any element by using index value.

● Registers is not secondary storage devices. So it is not correct
● Array occupies primary memory(RAM). So it also not correct.
● Records used to access data on secondary devices record by record sequentially.

Sorting is any process of arranging items systematically, and has two common, yet distinct meanings:
● ordering: arranging items in a sequence ordered by some criterion;
● categorizing: grouping items with similar properties.
The most common uses of sorted sequences are:
● making lookup or search efficient;
● making merging of sequences efficient.
● enable processing of data in a defined order.

Bubble sorting is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent pairs and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.

→ The Hilbert Curve is a space filling curve that visits every point in a square grid.
→ The path taken by a Hilbert Curve appears as a sequence - or a certain iteration - of up, down, left, and right.

Linking nothing but creating hyperlinks from HTML page or HTML document to another HTML Page or HTML document.

A binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two children, which are referred to as the left child and the right child

●Describes either the columns in a table or the current values, as well as the default values, for the stage properties for a table.
● DESCRIBE can be abbreviated to DESC.

●In SQL, a view is a virtual table based on the result-set of an SQL statement.
● A view contains rows and columns, just like a real table. The fields in a view are fields from one or more real tables in the database.
● You can add SQL functions, WHERE, and JOIN statements to a view and present the data as if the data were coming from one single table.

The number of decisions or, alternatively, the number of branches traversed, in reaching a node is called the path length or path to the node.

All the wrapper classes (Integer, Long, Byte, Double, Float, Short) are subclasses of the abstract class Number.

A splay tree is a self-adjusting binary search tree with the additional property that recently accessed elements are quick to access again.

● The eight queens puzzle is the problem of placing eight chess queens on an 8×8 chessboard so that no two queens threaten each other; thus, a solution requires that no two queens share the same row, column, or diagonal.
● The eight queens puzzle is an example of the more general n queens problem of placing n non-attacking queens on an n×n chessboard, for which solutions exist for all natural numbers n with the exception of n=2 and n=3

An XML parser converts an XML document into an XML DOM object - which can then be manipulated with a JavaScript

→ The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an existing table.
→ The ALTER TABLE statement is also used to add and drop various constraints on an existing table.
→ To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:
→ ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype;

●The argument list should be exactly the same as that of the overridden method.
● The return type should be the same or a subtype of the return type declared in the original overridden method in the superclass.

The ​ Following syntax shows XML declaration −
< ?xml
version = "version_number"
encoding = "encoding_declaration"
standalone = "standalone_status"
? >

1. New
A program which is going to be picked up by the OS into the main memory is called a new process.
2. Ready
Whenever a process is created, it directly enters in the ready state, in which, it waits for the CPU to be assigned. The OS picks the new processes from the secondary memory and put all of them in the main memory. The processes which are ready for the execution and reside in the main memory are called ready state processes.
3. Running
One of the processes from the ready state will be chosen by the OS depending upon the scheduling algorithm.
4. Block or wait
From the Running state, a process can make the transition to the block or wait state depending upon the scheduling algorithm or the intrinsic behavior of the process.

BCNF
● A relation R is in BCNF if and only if it is in 3NF and no any prime attribute is transitively dependent on the primary key.
● An attribute C is transitively dependent on attribute A if there exist an attribute B such that A->B and B->C.
4NF
● A table is in the 4NF if it is in BCNF and has no multivalued dependencies.

An abstract data type (ADT) is a mathematical model for data types, where a data type is defined by its behavior (semantics) from the point of view of a user of the data, specifically in terms of possible values, possible operations on data of this type, and the behavior of these operations

Consider the array with “n” elements . smaller index value is 0(lower bound) and lager index value is “n-1”(upper bound)

● coalescing is the act of merging two adjacent free blocks of memory.
● When an application frees memory, gaps can fall in the memory segment that the application uses.
● Among other techniques, coalescing is used to reduce external fragmentation, but is not totally effective.
● Coalescing can be done as soon as blocks are freed, or it can be deferred until some time later (known as deferred coalescing), or it might not be done at all.

Seek Time :​ The amount of time required to move the read/write head from its current position to desired track.
Rotational latency :​ The amount of time to rotate the track when the read/write head comes to desired sector position. In simple disk, rotational latency is the time to rotate 1⁄2 disk to the access.

● A foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table or the same table.
● In simpler words, the foreign key is defined in a second table, but it refers to the primary key or a unique key in the first table

→ A real-time operating system (RTOS) is any operating system (OS) intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays.
→ Processing time requirements (including any OS delay) are measured in tenths of seconds or shorter increments of time.
→ A real time system is a time bound system which has well defined fixed time constraints
→ A multitasking operating system like Unix is poor at real-time tasks. The scheduler gives the highest priority to jobs with the lowest demand on the computer, so there is no way to ensure that a time-critical job will have access to enough resources.

→ A process is more than a program code. A process is an 'active' entity as oppose to program which consider to be a 'passive' entity.
→ Being a passive, a program is only a part of proces​ s

The above diagram represents queueing diagram. Various queues are
→ All processes, upon entering into the system, are stored in the Job Queue.
→ Processes in the Ready state are placed in the Ready Queue.
→ Processes waiting for a device to become available are placed in Device Queues. There are unique device queues available for each I/O device.

→ The many to many model multiplexes any number of user threads onto an equal or smaller number of kernel threads, combining the best features of the one-to-one and many-to-one models.

● A path, the general form of the name of a file or directory, specifies a unique location in a file system.
● An absolute or full path points to the same location in a file system, regardless of the current working directory. To do that, it must include the root directory.
● By contrast, a relative path starts from some given working directory, avoiding the need to provide the full absolute path.

Contiguous memory allocation is a classical memory allocation model that assigns a process consecutive memory blocks (that is, memory blocks having consecutive addresses).

→ Internal fragmentation is the wasted space within each allocated block because of rounding up from the actual requested allocation to the allocation granularity.
→ External fragmentation is the various free spaced holes that are generated in either your memory or disk space.
→ Both the first-fit and best-fit strategies for memory allocation suffer from external fragmentation. As the processes are loaded and removed from memory, the free memory space is broken into little pieces.
→ External fragmentation exists when there is enough total memory space to satisfy a request, but the available spaces are not contiguous.

● Mirroring copies identical data onto more than one drive.
● Striping partitions each drive's storage space into units ranging from a sector (512 bytes) up to several megabytes.
●The stripes of all the disks are interleaved and addressed in order.

● A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments.
●Bridges are important in networks because the networks are divided into many parts geographically remote from one another.
● Bridge works at Data link layer

●Bandwidth is also the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
●For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually expressed in bits per second(bps) or bytes per second.
● For analog devices, the bandwidth is expressed in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz).

A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers

●Give picture size with 640 by 480 resolution with 256 colors per pixel.
●This implies 640 * 480 = 307,200 pixels. Recall that 256 values requires 8 bits of computer storage.
●Hence (307,200 pixels) * (8 bits per pixel) = 2,457,600 bits of storage.
●A common method for selling computer storage is in 8 bit groupings called bytes.
●Hence the picture would require (2,457,600 bits) / (8 bits per byte) = 307,200 bytes of computer storage.

●The generic term waveform means a graphical representation of the shape and form of a signal moving in a gaseous, liquid, or solid medium.
●For sound, the term describes a depiction of the pattern of sound pressure variation (or amplitude) in the time domain
● The temporal frequencies of sound waves are generally expressed in terms of cycles (or kilocycles) per second. The simplest waveform is the sine wave, since it has only one frequency associated with it. The sound waves associated with, say, music, are constantly varying.

Rendering or image synthesis is the automatic process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model (or models in what collectively could be called a scene file) by means of computer programs.

● Reverberation, in psychoacoustics and acoustics, is a persistence of sound after the sound is produced.
● A reverberation, or reverb, is created when a sound or signal is reflected causing a large number of reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could include furniture, people, and air.

Digital sampling is the recording of a sound using a string of numbers to represent the sound. 1s and 0s. These numbers are called samples.

→ Perspective deals with that which is and can be measured in one way or another in an objective manner. It depends solely on the rational aspects of the mind as a tool to gain a total picture of a life situation and understand it.
→ Dimension is basically the same thing with an added aspect that involves the emotional and intuitive aspects of the mind to give a more rounded out sense of one's perspective that cannot be gained through reason alone.
→ Compression is the application of balanced inward ("pushing") forces to different points on a material or structure, that is, forces with no net sum or ​ torque​ directed so as to reduce its size in one or more directions

Options A,B and C are not interactive , it will provide only information to the people. Where as Computer game in which computer user should interact with the computer in order to play the game

→ The X.25 specification defines only the interface between a subscriber (DTE) and an X.25 network (DCE). X.75, a protocol very similar to X.25, defines the interface between two X.25 networks to allow connections to traverse two or more networks.
→ X.25 does not specify how the network operates internally – many X.25 network implementations used something very similar to X.25 or X.75 internally

→ A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments.
→ Bridges are important in networks because the networks are divided into many parts geographically remote from one another. Something is required to join these networks so that they can become part of the whole network.
→ Take for example a divided LAN, if there is no medium to join these separate LAN parts an enterprise may be limited in its growth potential. The bridge is one of the tools to join these LANS.

The question is incomplete because without class type we can’t determine subnets.

A Media Access Unit (MAU), also known as a Multistation Access Unit (MAU or MSAU) is a device to attach multiple network stations in a star topology as a token ring network, internally wired to connect the stations into a logical ring (generally passive i.e. non-switched and unmanaged; however managed token ring MAUs do exist in the form of CAUs, or Controlled Access Units).

→ Mainframe computers or mainframes are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing.
→ They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers:
minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers.

4004 and 8008 designed for specific purpose but 8080 microprocessor is first general purpose micro computer.

→ Network layer that provides data routing paths for network communication.
→ Data is transferred in the form of packets via logical network paths in an ordered format controlled by the network layer

→ Incrementing the same variable multiple times with in the same expression is abnormal behaviour. Multiple compiler gives different outputs.
→ The initial value of “x” is 10 and it is pre-incremented two times and later addition will be performed from left to right.
→ While performing the addition the variable “x” value is 12 and we adding four “x” variables so answer is 48 (output is based upon the Gcc compiler)

●Programmable read-only memory (PROM) is read-only memory ( ​ ROM​ ) that can be modified once by a user.
● PROM is a way of allowing a user to tailor a microcode program using a special machine called a PROM programmer.
● PROM consists of n input and m output lines and which can be represented as 2​ ⁿ ​ x m PROM
● In order to implement an n-input , m-output circuit we need 2​ ⁿ​ x m size PROM
● From the given question we need to implement 16:1 Mux. So inputs are 16 + (4 selection lines in 16x1 mux) =20
● n=20 and m=1
● PROM size =2​ ²⁰​ =1M

An operation (or set of operations) is atomic or uninterruptible if it appears to the rest of the system to occur instantaneously.

●Data hiding is a software development technique specifically used in object-oriented programming (OOP) to hide internal object details (data members). Data hiding ensures exclusive data access to class members and protects object integrity by preventing unintended or intended changes.
● Data abstraction refers to providing only essential information to the outside world and hiding their background details, i.e., to represent the needed information in program without presenting the details.
● Encapsulation is a process of combining data members and functions in a single unit called class. This is to prevent the access to the data directly, the access to them is provided through the functions of the class.

● Fuzzy logic is an approach to computing based on "degrees of truth" rather than the usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic on which the modern computer is based.
● An embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a real-time operating system (RTOS) with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.

● The peripheral component interconnect (PCI) is a popular high-bandwidth, processor-independent bus that can function as a mezzanine or peripheral bus.
● Compared with other common bus specifications, PCI delivers better system performance for high-speed I/O subsystems (e.g. graphic display adapters, network interface controllers, disk controllers, and so on).

● An access method is a program or a hardware mechanism that moves data between the computer​ and an outlying device such as a hard disk (or other form of storage) or a display terminal.
● Memory can be accessed Sequential, direct, random and associative manner.

Monolithic kernel means that the whole operating system runs in kernel mode (i.e. highly privileged by the hardware). That is, no part of the OS runs in user mode (lower privilege). Only applications on top of the OS run in user mode.

● Hamming(7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits.
● The data is ​ 0000 and Hamming(7,4) transmitted is 0000000

Scheduler activations are a threading mechanism that, when implemented in an operating system's process scheduler, provide kernel-level thread functionality with user-level thread flexibility and performance

Peterson's solution is a concurrent programming algorithm for mutual exclusion that allows two or more processes to share a single-use resource without conflict, using only shared memory for communication

PAL has only AND plane.
Number of connections
= 2*Inputs * #AND gates
= 2*8*16
= 256

→ A relation R is in 4NF if and only if the following conditions are satisfied:
1. It should be in the Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF).
2. The table should not have any Multi-valued Dependency.

The given diagram is combination of both Diode and Transistor

It undoes some or all database changes made during the current transaction.

A sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth periodic oscillation. A sine wave is a continuous wave. It is named after the function sine, of which it is the graph. It occurs often in pure and applied mathematics, as well as physics, engineering, signal processing and many other fields. Its most basic form as a function of time (t) is:

where:
A = amplitude, the peak deviation of the function from zero.
f = ordinary frequency, the number of oscillations (cycles) that occur each second of time.
ω = 2πf, angular frequency, the rate of change of the function argument in units of radians per second
φ = phase, specifies (in radians) where in its cycle the oscillation is at t = 0.
When
φ is non-zero, the entire waveform appears to be shifted in time by the amount
φ /ω seconds. A negative value represents a delay, and a positive value represents an advance.

Storage capacity in bytes= (number of tracks per side*number of sides*Number of bytes per sector*number of sectors per track)
Here, we have to find number of sectors per track.
Total storage capacity / (Number of bytes per sector*number of sides*number of tracks per side)
=21504000 / (512*2*600)
=35

Two trips are 1.8 and 2.8.
1.8 is low and 2.8 is high.
Schmitt trigger inverter circuit makes circuit low to high and high to low.
(a) is 2.8V
(b) is 1.8V

Step-1: Transient captured on a DSO on full screen in the horizontal direction= 100ms
=100*10^-3 sec
=1 /10 sec
Step-2: Sampling rate= 100KS/s
= 100*1000 S/sec
= 100000 sec
Step-3: 1/10 sec= 10000 S/sec
= 10*1000
= 10K