Digital-Logic-Design

Question 1

Which one of the following choices gives the correct values of x and y?
A
x is 1 and y is 1
B
x is 0 and y is 1
C
x is 1 and y is 0
D
x is 0 and y is 0
Question 1 Explanation: 

C2 checks the bits d1, d3, d4, d6, d7.

C2=1, d1= 1, d3= 1, d4= 0, d6= 0, d7= 1.

The number of 1s is even. So, even parity is used in this problem.

C1 checks the bits d1, d2, d4, d5, d7.

C1=0, d1= 1, d2= 0, d4= 0, d5= x, d7= 1.

As the parity used is even parity, the value of d5 should be 0.

x=d5=0

 

C8 checks the bitsa d5, d6, d7, d8.

C8=y, d5= x=0, d6= 0, d7= 1, d8= 1.

As the parity used is even parity, the value of C8 should be 0.

C8=y=0.

x=y=0.

Question 2
Consider a 3-bit counter, designed using T flip-flops, as shown below: Assuming the initial state of the counter given by PQR as 000, what are the next three states?
A
011, 101, 000
B
001, 010, 111
C
001, 010, 000
D
011, 101, 111
Question 2 Explanation: 

The truth table will be

RQP

Rn Qn Pn

000

011

011

101

101

000

 

Therefore, the next three states are : 101, 000 and 011

Question 3
 Consider the following Boolean expression.
A
B
C
D
Question 3 Explanation: 

XY’+Z’ is a minimal SoP expression which represents the function (X,Y,Z).

The expression XY’ + YZ’ + X’Y’Z’ can be reduced to XY’+Z’

XY’ + YZ’ + X’Y’Z

= Y’(X+X’Z’) + YZ

= Y’(X+Z’) + Y

= XY’ + Y’Z’ + YZ’

= XY’ + (Y’+Y)Z’

= XY’ + Z’.

The expression (X+Z’)(Y’+Z’) is a PoS expression which also represents the same function (X,Y,Z).

Question 4
Let the representation of a number in base 3 be 210. What is the hexadecimal representation of the number?
A
21
B
528
C
D2
D
15
Question 4 Explanation: 

On converting (210)3 in decimal, we will get:=>

 2*32+1*3=2*9+3=2110 

=>(15)16

Question 5
Consider the following representation of a number in IEEE 754 single-precision floating point format with a 
bias of 127.
        S : 1      E : 10000001      F : 11110000000000000000000
Here S, E and F denote the sign, exponent and fraction components of the floating point representation.
The decimal value corresponding to the above representation (rounded to 2 decimal places) is _______
A
-7.75
Question 5 Explanation: 

Sign bit S= 1. The given number is a negative number. 

Biased Exponent E = 27 + 1= 129 

Actual Exponent e = E-127 

= 129- 127

= 2

The decimal value= (-1)s x 1.M x 2e 

= (-1) 1 x 1.1111 x 22 

= - (111.11) 

= - (7 + 0.75) 

= -7.7

Question 6

Following 7 bit single error correcting Hamming coded message is received. (figure below):

Determine if the message is correct (assuming that at most 1 bit could be corrupted). If the message contains an error find the bit which is erroneous and gives the correct message.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 7

Write a program in 8085 Assembly language to Add two 16-bit unsigned BCD(8-4-2-1 Binary Coded Decimal) number. Assume the two input operands are in BC and DE Register pairs. The result should be placed in the register pair BC. (Higher order register in the register pair contains higher order digits of operand)

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 8

Find the contents of the flip-flop Q2, Q1 and Q0 in the circuit of figure, after giving four clock pulses to the clock terminal. Assume Q2Q1Q0 = 000 initially.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 9

(a) Assume that a CPU has only two registers R1 and R2 and that only the following instruction is available XOR Ri, Rj; {Rj ← Ri ⊕ Rj, for i,j = 1,2}
Using this XOR instruction, find an instruction sequence in order to exchange the contents of the registers R1 and R2.

(b) The line p of the circuit shown in figure has stuck at 1 fault. Determine an input test to detect the fault.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 10

Consider n-bit (including sign bit) 2’s complement representation of integer number. The range of integer values, N, that can be represented is _________ ≤ N ≤ _________

A
-2n-1 to 2n-1 - 1
Question 11

The number of flip-flops required to construct a binary modulo N counter is __________.

A
⌈log2 N⌉
Question 11 Explanation: 
For mod-N counter we need ⌈log2 N⌉ flip flops.
Question 12

The logic expression for the output of the circuit shown in figure below is:

A
B
C
D
E
None of the above.
Question 12 Explanation: 
Question 13

(a) An asynchronous serial communication controller that uses a start stop scheme for controlling the serial I/O of a system is programmed for a string of length seven bits, one parity bit (odd parity) and one step bit. The transmission rate is 1200 bits/second.
(i) What is the complete bit stream that is transmitted for the string ‘0110101’?
(ii) How many such strings can be transmitted per second?

(b) Consider a CRT display that has a text mode display format of 80 × 25 characters with a 9 × 12 character cell. What is the size of the video buffer RAM for the display to be used in monochrome (1 bit per pixel) graphics mode?

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 14

(a) Implement a circuit having the following output expression using an inverter and NAND gate .
(b) What is the equivalent minimal Boolean expression (in sum of products form) for the Karnaugh map given below?

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 15

The number of 1’s in the binary representation of
(3*4096 + 15*256 + 5*16 + 3) are:

A
8
B
8
C
10
D
12
Question 15 Explanation: 
3 × 4096 = 3 × 212
= (11000000000000)2
15 × 256 = 15 × 28
= (111100000000)2
5 × 16 = 5 × 24
= (1010000)2
3 = (11)2
Hence, all binary numbers,

∴ 101's
Question 16

What values of A, B, C and D satisfy the following simultaneous Boolean equations?

A
A = 1, B = 0, C = 0, D = 1
B
A = 1, B = 1, C = 0, D = 0
C
A = 1, B = 0, C = 1, D = 1
D
A = 1, B = 0, C = 0, D = 0
Question 16 Explanation: 
For verification, just put up the values and check for AND, OR operations and their outputs.
Question 17

Consider the following circuit involving three D-type flip-flops used in a certain type of counter configuration.

If all the flip-flops were reset to O at power on, what is the total number of distinct outputs *states) represented by PQR generated by the counter?

A
3
B
4
C
5
D
6
Question 17 Explanation: 

So total no. of distinct output (states) are 4.
Question 18

Consider the following circuit involving three D-type flip-flops used in a certain type of counter configuration.

If at some instance prior to the occurrence of the clock edge, P, Q and R have a value 0, 1 and 0 respectively, what shall be the value of PQR after the clock edge?

A
000
B
001
C
010
D
011
Question 18 Explanation: 

So, after 010 it moves to 011.
Question 19

Which one of the following circuits is NOT equivalent to a 2-input XNOR (exclusive NOR) gate?

A
B
C
D
Question 19 Explanation: 
All options except option ‘D’ gives EX-NOR gates.
Question 20

The simplified SOP (sum of product) form of the boolean expression

 
A
B
C
D
Question 20 Explanation: 
Question 21

The minimum number of D flip-flops needed to design a mod-258 counter is

A
9
B
8
C
512
D
258
Question 21 Explanation: 
Let n is the number of flip-flops.
The max Mod values is 2n.
So 2n ≥ 258 ⇒ n = 9
Question 22

Consider three registers R1, R2 and R3 that store numbers in IEEE-754 single precision floating point format. Assume that R1 and R2 contain the values (in hexadecimal notation) 0x42200000 and 0xC1200000, respectively.

If R3 = R1/R2, what is the value stored in R3?

A
0x40800000
B
0x83400000
C
0xC8500000
D
0xC0800000
Question 22 Explanation: 
Given numbers are 0x42200000 and 0xC1200000 which are stored in the registers R1 and R2, respectively.

R1 = 1.0100..0 X 2132-127
= 1.0100..0 X 25
= 101.0 X 23
= 5 X 8
= 40

R2 = (-1) x 1.0100..0 X 2130-127
= (-1) x 1.0100..0 X 23
= (-1) x 101.0 X 21
= (-1) x5 X 2
= -10
R3 = R1/R2
= -4
= (-1)x 1.0 x 22
Sign = 1
Mantissa = 000..0
Exponent = 2+127 = 129

R3 = 1100 0000 1000 000..0
= 0x C 0 8 0 0 0 0 0
Question 23

Consider the Boolean function z(a,b,c).

Which one of the following minterm lists represents the circuit given above?

A
Z = ∑(0,1,3,7)
B
Z = ∑(2,4,5,6,7)
C
Z = ∑(1,4,5,6,7)
D
Z = ∑(2,3,5)
Question 23 Explanation: 
The output of the given circuit is a + b’c.
Convert a+b’c into canonical form which is sum of minterms.
a + b’c = a(b + b’)(c + c’) + (a + a’)b’c
= abc + abc’ + ab’c + ab’c’ + ab’c + a’b’c
= Σ(7,6,5,4,1)
Question 24

If there are m input lines and n output lines for a decoder that is used to uniquely address a byte addressable 1 KB RAM, then the minimum value of m + n is ____.

A
1034
Question 24 Explanation: 
The size of the decoder required is 10 x 210 i.e., 10 x 1024.
Each output line of the decoder is connected to one of the 1K(= 1024) rows of RAM.
Each row stores 1 Byte.
m=10 and n=1024
Question 25

A multiplexer is placed between a group of 32 registers and an accumulator to regulate data movement such that at any given point in time the content of only one register will move to the accumulator. The minimum number of select lines needed for the multiplexer is _____.

A
5
Question 25 Explanation: 
Number of registers is 32. Only one register has to be selected at any instant of time.
A 25x1 Multiplexer with 5 select lines selects one of the 32(= 25) registers at a time depending on the selection input.
The content from the selected register will be transferred through the output line to the Accumulator.
Question 26

Consider the synchronous sequential circuit in the below figure.

(a) Draw a state diagram, which is implemented by the circuit. Use the following names for the states corresponding to the values of flip-flops as given below.

(b) Given that the initial state of the circuit is S4, identify the set of states, which are not reachable.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 27

A logic network has two data inputs A and B, and two control inputs C0 and C1. It implements the function F according to the following table.

Implement the circuit using one 4 to 1 Multiplexer, one 2-input Exclusive OR gate, one 2-input AND gate, one 2-input OR gate and one Inverter.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 28

What is the equivalent Boolean expression in product-of-sums form for the Karnaugh map given below.

A
B
C
D
E
None of the above
Question 28 Explanation: 
Correct option is

Question 29

Consider the circuit in below figure. f implements

A
B
A + B + C
C
A ⊕ B ⊕ C
D
AB + BC + CA
Question 29 Explanation: 
Question 30

Consider the circuit given below which has a four bit binary number b3b2b1b0 as input and a five bit binary number d4d3d2d1d0 as output. The circuit implements:

A
Binary of Hex conversion
B
Binary to BCD conversion
C
Binary to grey code conversion
D
Binary to radix-12 conversion
Question 30 Explanation: 
Here ф means 0.
Whenever, b2 = b3 = 1, then only 0100, i.e., 4 is added to the given binary number. Lets write all possibilities for b.

Note that the last 4 combinations leads to b3 and b2 as 1. So, in these combinations only 0010 will be added.
1100 is 12
1101 is 13
1110 is 14
1111 is 15
in binary unsigned number system.
1100 + 0100 = 10000
1101 + 0100 = 10001, and so on.
This is conversion to radix 12.
Question 31

A ROM is sued to store the table for multiplication of two 8-bit unsigned integers. The size of ROM required is

A
256 × 16
B
64 K × 8
C
4 K × 16
D
64 K × 16
Question 31 Explanation: 
When we multiply the two 8 bit numbers result will reach upto 16 bits. So we require 16 bits for each multiplication output.
No. of results possible = 28 × 28 = 216 = 64K
Then total size of ROM = 64K × 16
Question 32

Both’s algorithm for integer multiplication gives worst performance when the multiplier pattern is

A
101010 …..1010
B
100000 …..0001
C
111111 …..1111
D
011111 …..1110
Question 32 Explanation: 
When the pairs 01 (or) 10 occur frequently in the multiplier. In that case Booth multiplication gives worst performance.
Question 33

Consider the following floating point number representation

The exponent is in 2's complement representation and mantissa is in the sign magnitude representation. The range of the magnitude of the normalized numbers in this representation is

A
0 to 1
B
0.5 to 1
C
2-23 to 0.5
D
0.5 to (1-2-23)
Question 33 Explanation: 
Maximum value of mantissa will be 23, is where a decimal point is assumed before first 1. So the value is 1 - 2-23.
Question 34

Consider a logic circuit shown in figure below. The functions f1, f2 and f (in canonical sum of products form in decimal notation) are:

f1(w,x,y,z) = ∑8,9,10
f2(w,x,y,z) = ∑7,8,12,13,14,15
f(w,x,y,z) = ∑8,9 

The function f3 is

A
Σ9,10
B
Σ9
C
Σ1,8,9
D
Σ8,10,15
Question 34 Explanation: 
f = f1⋅f2 + f3
Since, f1 and f2 are in canonical sum of products form, f1⋅f2 will only contain their common terms that is f1⋅f2 = Σ8.
Now,
Σ8 + f3 = Σ8,9
So, f3= Σ9
Question 35

Given √224)r = 13)r.
The value of the radix r is:

A
10
B
8
C
5
D
6
Question 35 Explanation: 
(√224)r = (13)r
Convert r base to decimal.
√2r2 + 25 + 4 = r + 3
Take square both sides,
2r2 + 2r + 4 = r2 + 6r + 9
r2 - 4r - 5 = 0
r2 - 5r + r - 5 = 0
r(r - 5) + (r - 5) = 0
r = -1, 5
r cannot be -1,
So r = 5 is correct answer.
Question 36

Let f(x, y, z) = x' + y'x + xz be a switching function. Which one of the following is valid?

A
B
xz is a minterm of f
C
xz is an implicant of f
D
y is a prime implicant of f
Question 36 Explanation: 
In sum of terms,any term is an implicant because it implies the function. So xz is an implicant and hence 'C' is the answer.
Question 37

An N-bit carry look ahead adder, where N is a multiple of 4, employs ICs 74181 (4 bit ALU) and 74182 (4 bit carry look ahead generator).

The minimum addition time using the best architecture for this adder is

A
proportional to N
B
proportional to log N
C
a constant
D
None of the above
Question 38

Let * be defined as x * y = x' + y. Let z = x * y. Value of z * x is

A
x'+y
B
x
C
0
D
1
Question 38 Explanation: 
Question 39

Design a synchronous counter to go through the following states:

  1, 4, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2, 3, 1, 4,........... 

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 40

(a) The implication gate shown below, has two inputs (x and y), the output is 1 except when x=1 and y=0. Realize f = x'y + xy' using only four implication gates.

(b) Show that the implication gate is functionally complete.

A
Theory Explanation.
Question 41

Suppose the domain set of an attribute consists of signed four digit numbers. What is the percentage of reduction in storage space of this attribute if  it is stored as an integer rather than in character form?

A
80%
B
20%
C
60%
D
40%
Question 41 Explanation: 
We assume byte addressable memory - nothing smaller than a byte can be used.
We have four digits. So to represent signed 4 digit numbers we need 5 bytes, 4 bytes for four digits and 1 for the sign.
So required memory = 5 bytes.
Now, if we use integer, the largest no. needed to represent is 9999 and this requires 2 bytes of memory for signed representation.
9999 in binary requires 14 bits. So, 2 bits remaining and 1 we can use for sign bit.
So, memory savings,
= 5 - 2/5 × 100
= 60%
Question 42

Which of the following operations is commutative but not associative?

A
AND
B
OR
C
NAND
D
EXOR
Question 42 Explanation: 
NAND operation is commutative but not associative.
Question 43

The function represented by the Karnaugh map given below is:

A
A⋅B
B
AB+BC+CA
C
D
None of the above
Question 43 Explanation: 
Question 44

What happens when a bit-string is XORed with itself n-times as shown:

  [B⊕(B⊕(B⊕(B........ n times)]  
A
complements when n is even
B
complements when n is odd
C
divides by 2n always
D
remains unchanged when n is even
Question 44 Explanation: 
B⊕(B⊕(B⊕...) n times
Consider:
B⊕(B⊕B)
= B⊕0
= 0 (if consider n times it remains unchanged)
Question 45

A multiplexor with a 4 bit data select input is a

A
4:1 multiplexor
B
2:1 multiplexor
C
16:1 multiplexor
D
8:1 multiplexor
Question 45 Explanation: 
For 'n' bit data it selects 2n : 1 input
For 4 bit data it selects 24 : 1 = 16: 1 input
Question 46

The threshold level for logic 1 in the TTL family is

A
any voltage above 2.5 V
B
any voltage between 0.8 V and 5.0 V
C
any voltage below 5.0 V
D
any voltage below Vcc but above 2.8 V
Question 46 Explanation: 
Voltage is to be below Vcc = 5V but above 2.8V
Question 47

The octal representation of an integer is (342)8. If this were to be treated as an eight-bit integer is an 8085 based computer, its decimal equivalent is

A
226
B
-98
C
76
D
-30
Question 47 Explanation: 
(342)8 = (011 100 010)2 = (1110 0010)2
If this can be treated as 8 bit integer, then the first becomes sign bit i.e., '1' then the number is negative.
8085 uses 2's complement then

⇒ -30
Question 48

Zero has two representations in

A
Sign magnitude
B
1’s complement
C
2’s complement
D
None of the above
E
Both A and B
Question 48 Explanation: 
Sign magnitude:
+0 = 0000
-0 = 1000
1's complement:
+0 = 0000
-0 = 1111
Question 49

The number of full and half-adders required to add 16-bit numbers is

A
8 half-adders, 8 full-adders
B
1 half-adder, 15 full-adders
C
16 half-adders, 0 full-adders
D
4 half-adders, 12 full-adders
Question 49 Explanation: 
For Least Significant Bit we do not need a full adder since initially carry is not present.
But for rest of bits we need full address since carry from previous addition has to be included into the addition operation.
So, in total 1 half adder and 15 full adders are required.
Question 50

Booth’s coding in 8 bits for the decimal number –57 is

A
0 – 100 + 1000
B
0 – 100 + 100 - 1
C
0 – 1 + 100 – 10 + 1
D
00 – 10 + 100 - 1
Question 50 Explanation: 
There are 50 questions to complete.

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