→ NPDA(Non deterministic Pushdown Automata) and DPDA(Deterministic Pushdown Automata) are not equivalent in power.
→ NPDA is more powerful than DPDA which means for every language for which a dpda exist, there exist an NPDA but there are some languages that are accepted by NPDA but are not accepted by DPDA.
→ In case of DFA and NFA they are equivalent in power. So for every language accepted by DFA there exists an NFA and vice versa.
Hence,we can’t convert NPDA to DPDA always and we can convert NFA to an equivalent DFA always.
→ In case of DTM and NTM they are equivalent in power.

Option-A​ is a CFL because for this we can have a non deterministic pushdown automata which will accept the string by exploring all the possibilities on each input character.
Option-B​ is correct because we can have a deterministic pushdown automata which will push all the "a" as they come as input and when "b" comes as input for every "b" one "a" will be popped. So in this way we can design a pushdown automata which will accept a​ n​ b​ n​ . Hence a​ ⁿ​ b^{​ n}​ is a CFL.
Option-C​ is not a CFL because we can't design a pushdown which can accept CFL. Suppose a string "abcabc". Now let's say pushdown automata recognize w=abc after symbol "c" now when "a" come as input after "c" the pushdown automata have to pop "a" i.e. initial input symbol "a" but top of the stack contains "c" as top element. So in this way we can't have any pushdown automata which can accept "ww" language. So it is not a CFL.
Option-D​ is a CFL because we can design a pushdown automata for a​ n​ b​ m​ c​ m​ d​ n​ . The push down automata will push "a" and "b" as the come as input symbol. When "c" came as input then for each "c" one "b" is popped from top of the stack. And when "d" will come as input symbol the top of stack will contain only a's so for every "d" one "a" is popped . In this way we can design a pushdown automata for a​ ⁿ​ b^{​ m}​ c^{​ m}​ d​ ⁿ​ .
So, option-C is correct answer.

The transitive closure of R is obtained by repeatedly adding (a,c) to R for each (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ R.

A relation R is an equivalence relation if and only if it is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
1. The relation is reflexive: x mod 3 = x mod 3
2. The relation is symmetric: if x mod 3 = y mod 3, then y mod 3 = x mod 3
3. The relation is transitive: if x mod 3 = y mod 3, and y mod 3 = z mod 3, then x mod 3 = z mod 3

→ There are 10 pair of shoes available in the dark room which means 20 individual shoes are available in the room.
→ If you pick shoes from one to ten individual shoes, there may be chance of getting same individual shoes.
→ There is no guarantee that getting one proper pair from 10 individual shoes.
→ If You pick 11 shoes, then there may chance of 10 individual shoes of same type and one individual shoe of another type. So we will get at least one proper pair shoe from 11 individual shoes.

We are dividing binary number into 3 then
101 011
5 3
(101011)​ ₂ = (53)​ ₈
Suppose, we are dividing binary digits into 4 then
0010 1011
2 B
So, it is not hexadecimal number.

We can use two methods to solve this problem.
Method-1 using K-Maps:

Method-2 using boolean simplification:
x’yz’+x’yz+xyz’+xyz
= x’y(z’+z)+xy(z’+z)
= x’y + xy
= y(x’+x)
= y

Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
The storage time is eliminated as the transistors are used in difference amplifier mode and are never driven into saturation.
1. Fastest among all logic families
2. Lowest propagation delay.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)
The power dissipation is usually 10nW per gate depending upon the power supply voltage, output load etc.
1. Lowest power dissipation
2. Excellent noise immunity
3. High packing density
4. Wide range of supply voltage
5. Highest fan out among all logic families
Negative channel metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS)
It is a type of semiconductor that charges negatively. So that transistors are turned ON/OFF by the movement of electrons. In contrast, Positive channel MOS-PMOS works by moving electron vacancies. NMOS is faster than PMOS.
Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
Sometimes also transistor–resistor logic (TRL) is a class of digital circuits built using resistors as the input network and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) as switching devices. RTL is the earliest class of transistorized digital logic circuit used; other classes include diode–transistor logic (DTL) and transistor–transistor logic (TTL).

Option-A: 1010 convert into 2’s complement is
1010
1’s complement: 0101
2’s complement: 1
--------
0110
--------- Option-B: 0101 convert into 2’s complement is
0101
1’s complement: 1010
2’s complement: 1
--------
1011
---------
Option-C: 1000 convert into 2’s complement is
1000
1’s complement: 0111
2’s complement: 1
--------
1000
---------
Option-D: 1001 convert into 2’s complement is
1001
1’s complement: 0110
2’s complement: 1
--------
0111
---------
So, Option-C is correct answer.

Step-1: Initially i=0 but given as static. The scope is lifetime.
Step-2: Call-1: i=1 and j=1
Call-2: i=2 and j=1 because ‘i’ is static ‘j’ is again become 0 when it starts new call.
Call-3: i=3 and j=1 because ‘i’ is static ‘j’ is again become 0 when it starts new call.
Note: A static ‘int’ variable remains in memory while the program is running.

Step-1: Here, we are using post increment for both x and y. In post increment the value assign first and update after assigning.
x= 35 + 20
y= 37 + 56 (In this statement, ‘y’ will become 36 before performing pre increment)
Step-2: Final x=56 and y=93
Note: They given wrong options. We are added correct option.
Excluded for evaluation.